BIG LEARNINGS MADE EASY An initiative of Group HISTORY OF POST INDEPENDENCE INDIA Civil Services Examination MADE EASY Publications Corporate Office: 44-A/4, Kalu Sarai (Near Hauz Khas Metro Station), New Delhi-110016 E-mail: [email protected] Contact: 011-45124660, 8860378007 Visit us at: www.madeeasypublications.org History of Post Independence India © Copyright, by MADE EASY Publications. All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photo-copying, recording or oth- erwise), without the prior written permission of the above mentioned publisher of this book. First Edition: 2017 Second Edition: 2018 Third Edition: 2019 © All rights reserved by MADE EASY PUBLICATIONS. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form without the written permission from the publisher. Contents History of Post Independence India Chapter - 1 Amul ....................................................................... 27 National Dairy Development Board ........................ 28 Nehruvian Era ............................................................... 1 Operation Flood ...................................................... 28 1.1 Integration of India ................................................... 1 Critical Analysis ...................................................... 29 Classification of Indian States .................................. 1 2.5 Green Revolution .................................................... 29 Integration of Princely States .................................... 2 Threat from the USA ............................................... 30 Partition and its Aftermath ........................................ 7 Towards Self-Reliance ............................................ 30 Linguistic Reorganization of States .......................... 8 Critical Analysis ...................................................... 30 Integration of Tribals in India .................................. 11 Conclusion .............................................................. 31 Issue of Official Language ...................................... 12 2.6 Food Corporation of India ....................................... 31 Hindu Code Bill ...................................................... 14 Achievements ......................................................... 31 Criticism ................................................................. 15 Challenges ............................................................. 31 1.2 Political Developments ........................................... 15 Prospects ............................................................... 31 Parliamentary Democracy ...................................... 15 2.7 Lal Bahadur Shastri Years: Critical Analysis ................. 31 One Party Dominated System ................................. 15 Achievements ......................................................... 31 Decline of Indian National Congress ...................... 15 Criticism ................................................................. 32 1.3 Foreign Policy ......................................................... 18 Conclusion .............................................................. 32 Bandung Conference (1955) .................................. 18 Non-Alignment Movement ...................................... 19 Chapter - 3 The Panchsheel Agreement ................................... 20 Indira Gandhi Era ........................................................ 33 1.4 India-China Relations ............................................. 21 3.1 Introduction ............................................................ 33 Tibetan Crisis .......................................................... 21 Challenges for Indira Gandhi.................................. 33 1962 War ................................................................ 22 3.2 Political Developments ........................................... 34 1.5 Analysis of Nehruvian Era ....................................... 23 Split in Congress .................................................... 34 Achievements ......................................................... 23 Single Party to Multi-party System .......................... 34 Shortcomings ......................................................... 23 Era of Coalition Governments ................................. 35 Conclusion .............................................................. 23 Politics of Defections .............................................. 35 Chapter - 2 J P Narayan and Total Revolution ........................... 36 Janata Government: Coalition at Centre ................. 36 Lal Bahadur Shastri Era .............................................. 24 Analysis of Coalition Politics ................................... 36 2.1 Introduction ............................................................ 24 3.3 Economic Developments ........................................ 37 Challenges ............................................................. 24 PL-480 Program...................................................... 37 Response ............................................................... 24 Nationalization: Banks and General Insurance ....... 37 2.2 Political Developments ........................................... 24 Public Distribution System (PDS) ............................ 38 Kamaraj Plan .......................................................... 24 Abolition of Privy Purse ........................................... 38 Rise of Regional Politics ......................................... 25 Garibi Hatao ........................................................... 39 2.3 Tashkent Agreement .............................................. 25 3.4 Other Major Developments ..................................... 39 Indo-Pak War (1965) ............................................... 25 The Naxalites .......................................................... 39 Tashkent Declaration .............................................. 26 3.5 Bangladeshi Refugee Crisis ................................... 41 2.4 White Revolution ..................................................... 26 3.6 Indo-Pak War, 1971 ................................................ 41 Background ............................................................ 27 Strategy of War ....................................................... 42 (iii) Simla Agreement,1972 ........................................... 42 5.13 Operation Blackboard ............................................ 60 Indo Soviet Treaty of Peace .................................... 43 5.14 Bofors Scam ........................................................... 60 3.7 JP Movement .......................................................... 43 5.15 Indian Peace Keeping Force .................................. 61 3.8 National Emergency ............................................... 44 5.16 Rajiv Gandhi’s Assassination.................................. 62 Events that led to Emergency ................................. 44 5.17 Rajiv Gandhi Era: A Critical Appraisal .................... 62 Course of Emergency ............................................. 45 Tussle with Judiciary .............................................. 45 Chapter - 6 Forced Sterilization ................................................. 45 National Front Government....................................... 63 Jail Bharo Andolan ................................................. 45 Raj Narain Case ..................................................... 46 6.1 Pre 1989 Coalition: Third Front ............................... 63 Election of 1989 ...................................................... 63 3.9 Analysis of Emergency ........................................... 46 Beginning of Coalition Government ........................ 63 Chapter - 4 6.2 Events during the National Front Government ........ 63 Janta Government ...................................................... 47 6.3 Mandal Commission ............................................... 64 Recommendation ................................................... 64 4.1 Introduction ............................................................ 47 Aftermath ................................................................ 64 4.2 Rise of Regional Parties and Coalition Consequences ....................................................... 64 Governments .......................................................... 47 Analysis .................................................................. 64 44th Constitutional Amendment ............................... 48 Shah Commission Report ....................................... 48 Chapter - 7 Food for Work Programme ...................................... 49 Narsimha Rao Government ....................................... 66 4.3 Analysis of Janata Government .............................. 49 Achievements ......................................................... 49 7.1 Introduction ............................................................ 66 Failures ................................................................... 50 7.2 Economic Crisis and Reforms ................................ 66 4.4 Returns of Indira Gandhi Government .................... 50 Crisis ...................................................................... 66 Preconditions .......................................................... 66 4.5 Unrest in Punjab ....................................................