DOCUMENT RESUME ED 070 578 SE 014 125 TITLE Fluid Power, Rate TrainingManual. INSTITUTION Bureau of Naval Personnel,Washington, D. C. REPORT NO NAVPERS-16193-B PUB DATE 70 NOTE 305p. EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-$13.16 DESCRIPTORS Force; *Hydraulics; Instructional Materials; *Mechanical Equipment; Military Personnel; *Military Science; *Military Training; Physics; *Supplementary Textbooks; Textbooks ABSTRACT Fundamentals of hydraulics and pneumatics are presented in this manual, prepared for regular navy and naval reserve personnel who are seeking advancement to Petty Officer Third Class. The history of applications of compressed fluids is described in connection with physical principles. Selection of types of liquids and gases is discussed with a background of operating temperature ranges, contamination control techniques, lubrication aspects, and safety precautions. Components in closed- and open-center fluid systems are studied in efforts to familiarize circuit diagrams. Detailed descriptions are made for .the functions of fluidlines, connectors, sealing devices, wipers, backup washers, containers, strainers, filters, accumulators, pumps, and compressors. Control and measurements of fluid flow and pressure are analyzed in terms of different types of flowmeters, pressure gages, and values; and methods of directing flow and converting power into mechanical force and motion, in terms of directional control valves, actuating cylinders, fluid motors, air turbines, and turbine governors. Also included are studies of fluidics, trouble shooting, hydraulic power drive, electrohydraulic steering, and missile and aircraft fluid power systems. Illustrations for explanation use and a glossary of general terms are included in the appendix. (CC) IDLE AV Agile 4'Aly , _ - , 141 ye ,,- I -,, FLUID POWER BUREAU OF OF NAVAL PERSONNEL .1% RATE TRAINING MANUAL NAVPERS 16,1937B PREFACE Fluid Power is written for personnel of the Navy and Naval Reserve whose duties and responsibilities require them to have a knowledge of the fundamentals of hydraulics and pneumatics. The subject matter covers a broad area of the Qualifications for Advancement, NavPers 18068 ISeries), which is common to several rates and ratings. Combined with the necessary practical experience, this training manual will assist nonrated men in preparing for advancement to Petty Officer Third Class in the, specific ratings requiring a knowledge of fluid power. This training manual should also be valuable as a review and reference source for personnel of more senior rates. This basic Rate Training Manual was prepared by the Navy Training Publications Center, NAS Memphis, Millington, Tennessee, for the Bureau of Naval Personnel. Credit is given to the Naval Air Technical Training Center, located at NAS Memphis, Millington, Tennessee, the Naval Ex7 amining Center, Great Lakes, Illinois,and the Naval Air Systems Command for technical reviews. First Edition - 1966 Reprinted - 1969 1970 Edition Stock Ordering No. 0500-393-0110 THE UNITED STATES NAVY GUARDIAN OF OUR COUNTRY The United States Navy is responsible for maintaining control of the sea and is a ready force on watch at home and overseas, capable of strong action to preserve the peace or of instant offensive action to win in war. It is upon the maintenance of this control that our country's glorious future depends; the United States Navy exists to make it so. WE SERVE WITH HONOR Tradition, valor, and victory are the Navy's heritage from the past. To these may be added dedication, discipline, and vigilance as the watchwords of the present and the future. At home or on distant stations we serve with pride, confident in the respect of our country, our shipmates, and our families. Our responsibilities sober us; our adversities strengthen us. Service to God and Country is our special privilege. We serve with honor. THE FUTURE OF THE NAVY The Navy will always employ new weapons, new techniques, and greater power to protect and defend the United States on the sea, under the sea, and in the air. Now and in the future, control of the sea gives the United States her greatest advantage for the maintenance of peace and for victory in war. Mobility, surprise, dispersal, and offensive power are the keynotes of the new Navy.The roots of the Navy lie in a strong belief in the future, in continued dedication to our tasks, and in reflection on our heritage from the past. Never have our opportunities and our responsibilities been greater. 4 CONTENTS Chapter Page 1. History and development 1 2. Physics of fluids 5 3. Hydraulic and pneumatic fluids 37 4. Basic systems and circuit diagrams 49 5. Fluid lines and connectors 67 6. Sealing devices and materials 86 7. Reservoirs, strainers, filters, and accumulators 98 8. Pumps and compressors 120 9. Control and measurement of flow 153 10. Measurement and control of pressure 171 11. Directional control valves 198 12. Actuators 216 1 13. Hydraulic and pneumatic systems 234 14. Fluidics 261 Appendix I. Glossary 288 Index 295 CHAPTER 1 HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT Fluid Power, Nav Pers 16193-B, presents Ships Systems Command, Naval Air Systems many of the fundamental concepts in the fields Command, etc. of hydraulics and pneumatics. This maralal is intended as a basic reference for all personnel 3. Maintenance Requirements Cards of the Navy whose duties and responsibilities (MRC' 8). require them to have a knowledge of the fundam- 4. Military Standards and Specifications. entals of fluid power. Consequently, emphasis is placed primarily on the theory of operation of 5. Instructions and Notices. typical fluid power systems and components that have applications in naval equipments.Many FLUID POWER applications of fluid power are presented in this manual to illustrate the functions and operation Fluid power is a relatively new term which of different systems and components. However, was established to include the generation, con- these are only representative of the many appli- trol, and application of smooth, effective power cations of fluid power in naval equipments. Indi- of pumped or compressed fluids (either liquids vidual rate training manuals should be consulted or gases) when this power is used to provide for information concerning the application of force and motion to mechanisms. This force fluid power to specific equipments for which and motion may be in the form of pushing, pul- each rating is responsible. ling, rotating, regulating, or driving. Fluid power includes hydraulics, which involves liquids, and In addition, the examples of systems and com- pneumatics, which involves gases. Liquids and ponents presented in this manual are used to gases are similar in many respects and there- illustrate the functions and operation of certain fore are described as fluids in most sections of types. Since there are many different manufac- this manual. The differences are pointed out in I turers of fluid power systems and components, the appropriate areas. In these areas they are each type presented may represent several dif- treated separately as liquids and gases, or as ferent models or designs. Therefore, this manual in the following sections, as hydraulics and is not intended for use in the maintenance and pneumatics. repair of specific equipments. Applicable tech- nical publications and technical instructions HYDRAULICS should be used for this purpose. These terms, applicable technical publications and applicable The word hydraulics is a derivative of the technical instructions, are frequently referred Greek words hydro (meaning water) and aulis to in this manual. They include such documents (meaning tube or pipe). Originally, the science as the following. of hydraulics covered the physical behavior of 1. Certain chapters of the Naval Ships water at rest and in motion. This dates back Technical Manual. several thousand years ago when water wheels, dams, and sluice gates were first used to con- 2. Operation, maintenance, repair, over- trol the flow of water for domestic use and haul, and parts manuals, which are provided by irrigation. Use has broadened its meaning to the manufacturer of the component, system, include the physical behavior of all liquids. This and/or equipment. These manuals are usually includes that area of hydraulics in which confined approved by the appropriate command Naval liquids are used under controlled pressure to do 1 FLUID POWER work.This area of hydraulics, sometimes re- as the other, and if each is supplied with a piston ferred to as "power hydraulics," is discussed that 'fitsit exactly,' then a man pushing the in this manual. small piston will exert a force that will equi- librate (balance) that of one hundred men pushing . Hydraulics can be defined as that engineering science which pertains to liquid pressure and the large piston and will overcome that of ninety- flow. This science includes, for example, the nine men."(This is the basic principle of hy- manner in which liquids act in tanks and pipes, diarlics and is covered in detail in chapter 2.) dealing with their properties and with ways of For Pascal's law to be made effective for utilizing these properties. It includes the laws of practical applications, it was necessary to have floating bodies and the behavior of liquids on sub- a piston that "fit exactly." It was not until the merged surfaces. It treats the flow of liquids latter mat of the 18th century that methods were under various conditions, and ways of directing fonrol to make these snugly fitted parts required this flow to useful ends, as well as many other in hydraulic systems. This was accomplished by related subjects. the invention of machines which were used to There are several other terms which are cut and shape the necessary closely fitted parts sometimes used to more precisely describe the and, particularly, by the development of gaskets behavior of liquids at rest and in motion. These and packings. Since that time, such components termsaregenerallyconsideredseparate as valves,pumps,actuating cylinders, and branches of science and include: hydrostatics, motors have been developed and refined to make that branch of science pertaining to the energy hydraulics one of the leading methods of trans- of liquids at rest; hydrodynamics, the branch of mitting power.