Conference Proceedings Published by the INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND DEVELOPMENT ALTERNATIVES (IPADA) The 2nd Annual Conference on ‛‛ The Independence of African States in the Age of Globalisation” ISBN: 978-620-73782-1 (Print) ISBN: 978-0-620-73783-8 (e-book) EDITORS Prof MP Sebola, University of Limpopo Prof JP Tsheola, University of Limpopo Tlotlo Hotel and Conference Centre, Gaborone, Botswana July 26-28, 2017 Editorial Committee Prof MP Sebola, University of Limpopo Dr RM Mukonza, Tshwane University of Technology Dr KB Dipholo, University of Botswana Dr YF April, Human Sciences Research Council Dr KN Motubatse, Tshwane University of Technology Editorial Board Prof SR Malefane, University of South Africa Dr B Mothusi, University of Botswana Dr MDJ Matshabaphala, University of Witwatersrand Prof CC Ngwakwe, University of Limpopo Prof O Mtapuri, University of KwaZulu-Natal Dr LB Mzini, North West University Prof L de W Fourie, Unitech of New Zealand Prof M Marobela, University of Botswana Prof BC Basheka, Uganda Technology and Management University Dr RB Namara, Uganda Management Institute Dr M. Maleka, Tshwane University of Technology Prof KO Odeku, University of Limpopo Prof RS Masango, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University Prof O Fatoki, University of Limpopo Dr S Kyohairwe, Uganda Management Institute Dr A Asha, University of Limpopo Dr J Coetzee, Polytechnic of Namibia Dr MT Makhura, Land Bank of South Africa Prof Jumbo, University of Venda Dr E Bwalya, University of Botswana Prof EK, Botlhale, University of Botswana Prof S Madue, Ke Motheo Consulting Dr B Mothusi, University of Botswana Prof OO Othata, University of Botswana Dr TS Ngomane, Department of Land Reform and Rural Development Dr KR Chauke, Tirhani Holdings Dr CM Mukonza, Tshwane University of Technology Prof L Marais, University of Free State Dr R Shambare, University of Venda Dr F Moyo, National University of Science and Technology, Zimbabwe Dr KI Theletsane, Stellenbosch University Dr C Reddy, University of Johannesburg Dr D Aunyo-Vito, Institute of Local Government Studies, Ghana Prof K Motshegwa, University of Botswana Prof P Mbecke, Universite du Moyen Lualaba, Democratic Republic of Congo Editorial Note In achieving its vision of internationalisation and shared scholarship of knowledge generation in the African region, the International Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives (IPADA) hosted its 2nd Annual International Conference at Tlotlo Hotel, Gaborone, Botswana on the 26th to 28th July 2017. With academic collaboration being its ultimate destination, this conference aimed at bringing together academics from a multi-disciplinary context to engage on one of the critical significant issue of debate in Africa today which is the role of Africa in the age of globalisation. The question as to whether Africa is completely politically and economically independent from the West continues to be debatable in both Public Administration and Development discourses. In its 2nd Annual Conference the Scientific Committee deliberately crafted the theme ‛‛ Independence of African States in the age of globalisation:” as a way of provoking debates that would ultimately bring about economic and political solutions to the African continent. Indeed, papers received for publication in these Conference proceedings addressed Africa’s problems of role and independence from a variety of perspectives. In general, many papers in this collection addressed Africa’s role in the globe from general public administration problems in government, Africa and culture, Case studies of African public administration problems, African democracies, Coloniality and De-Coloniality, African elections and problems, Economy and the Regional African blocks. All papers that are published in this Conference Proceedings went through a quality scholarship verification of Triple Blind Peer Review process by specialists in the subject of Public Administration, Development and Public Governance. Papers which were accepted with suggested revisions were sent back to the authors for corrections before a final decision could be made by the Editorial Committee to publish them. The review process which determined the publishability of each paper contained herein was compiled in accordance with the editorial policy and guidelines approved by the Scientific Committee of the membership of the International Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives (IPADA). In this second annual international Conference hosted in Botswana, The International Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives (IPADA) successfully managed to draw together experts from the subjects’ fields of Public Administration, Development Management, Human Resources and Local Government among others to converge in Gaborone, Botswana and engage scholarly in an attempt to find solutions that would improve African policy discussions. This compilation provides only 47 papers out of 128 paper abstracts received and read at the 1st Annual International Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives (IPADA) held at Tlotlo Hotel, Gaborone, Botswana from July, 26-28, 2017. Indeed, only 70 papers were reviewed in which 59 received favourable review reports and 21 were rejected and two papers never submitted for publication. While 44 papers from this conference were published in the 2nd Annual International Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives (IPADA) Conference Proceedings 2017, 15 other quality papers from this conference were selected for publication in the African Journal of Public Affairs, a peer reviewed journal accredited with the International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS) for the March 2018 issue. This Conference proceeding is published online (ISBN no. 978-0-620-73783-8) and print (ISBN no. 978-0-620- 73782-1) in order to be accessible to as many academics, researchers and practitioners as possible. This publication consists of 47 scientific papers contributed by authors from varying South African Universities, Regional universities and public institutions. The Volume consists of 60% of papers published from varying institutions as per the requirements of the South African Department of Higher Education and Training Research Output Policy guidelines published in March 2015. Papers published in this Conference Proceedings may be reproduced for Pedagogic and Non-Commercial purposes. For republication of the paper in a journal, the authors have to secure a written permission from the publisher; in this case, the Editor and Deputy Editor of the International Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives (IPADA). Editors Chief Editor: Prof MP Sebola, University of Limpopo Deputy-Editor: Prof JP Tsheola, University of Limpopo Copyright 2017, International Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa Copyright of these conference Proceedings as a whole, and in part, is vested in the Inter- national Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives (IPADA); and, no part may be reproduced in whole or in part without Editors expressed permission in writing. All material used and presented in papers are the sole responsibility of author(s); and, the editors take no responsibility for author(s) transgressions on copyrights. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Neoliberalism in the South African Post-Apartheid Regime: Economic Policy Positions and Globalisation Impact BK Sebake 9 Integrated Development Planning as a Strategy for Poverty Alleviation: The Dilemma Within the Ambit of South Africa KI Makalela 16 Local Government Elections: A Beacon of ‛Service Delivery Hope’ in South Africa HM Tirivangasi, SS Mugambiwa, EM Mutyenyoka and SA Rankoana 22 The Relevance of ECOWAS in the 21st Century: Questioning Good Governance and Political Stability NE Mathebula 29 The Slip-Ups of Corporate Governance in Botswana Public Enterprises B Motshegwa, K Mooketsane and K Bodilenyane 39 The Rise of Multi-Partyism in South Africa’s Political Spectrum: The Age of Coalition and Multi-Party Governance TS Masipa 46 Perception of Entrepreneurship as a Sustainable Career Option by Women in Rural Areas O Dzomonda and R Masocha 53 The Export Effects of Inward Foreign Direct Investment in the South African Economy NT Matlasedi and T Ncanywa 62 The Promotion of Cooperative Sector as a Mitigating Driver Against Poverty and Unemployment to Enhance Southern Africa’s Economic Growth and Development MK Maoto 71 The Essentiality of Decolonisation to Excellent Functionality by Public Secondary Schools NS Modiba 80 The Role of Separation of Powers in Ensuring Public Accountability in South Africa: Policy Versus Practice PH Munzhedzi 87 Political Elitism: Obstacle to or Opportunity for Socio-Economic Expansion and Total Independence of Africa? The Case of the Democratic Republic of the Congo P Mbecke i Table of Contents 97 Augment of Gender Equity Through IDP Processes: A Strategy of Service Delivery in a Democratic South Africa R Rambuda and MJ Masenya 106 The Role of Human Resource Development in Improving Municipal Service in South Africa MM Mehlape 113 Marketing Communication and the Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises in Polokwane Local Municipality M Ramasobana 121 Government Systems and the Transformation in a State M Nefale and T Silima 132 Xenophobic Violence and Globalisation Discourses for Contemporary South Africa K Meso 138 Culture and Globalisation: