Welcome Letter Dear Delegates, I am proud to welcome you to the 35th iteration of the North American Model United Nations at the world-renowned University of Toronto. I and the rest of our great crisis staff look forward to working with you and allowing you to demonstrate your research, teamwork, and negotiation skills through the medium of Model UN. For a brief introduction of myself, I am pursuing a double major in International Relations and East Asian Studies. I have done Model UN for three years and this will be my first time chairing a committee. This background guide provides a (somewhat) brief overview of the historical situation and important issues to the committee. Also included is a short list of potential research material, but I still urge you to do your own research on the topic. As you all know, the scenario that you will be dealing with is historically important as the Fall of the Soviet Union ended the Cold War and basically created the unipolar world that we now live in. But the USSR doesn’t have to fall, as you and other delegates will be given the reins of a weakened but still powerful Communist Party. Will you give more power to local leaders and create a more federalized union? Or will you rule with an iron fist and usher in a new age of Soviet strength and control not seen since Joseph Stalin? You might even concede to fate and work towards peaceful dissolution. Acting as a government bureaucrat, a military general, or even a secret police chief, you must make a choice for the future of the union and then do everything possible to accomplish that. Afterall, politics in the Soviet Union is a blood sport. Whatever you choose, I look forward to meeting you all and I hope you enjoy NAMUN 2020. Glory to the Eternal Socialist Revolution, Comrade Nathan Ye 1 Introduction The Soviet Union. To some it is a ray of hope for exploited workers and disadvantaged peoples across the world. To others, it is an “evil empire”, as succinctly stated by President Ronald Reagan, an enemy of freedom determined to keep an iron grip over its own people. Whatever view you have of the USSR, it is undeniable that by 1990 the Union is in a state of danger not seen since Operation Barbarossa in 1941. Plagued by longstanding economic problems, resurgent nationalisms, elite infighting, and a general loss of confidence by its population, the future of the Soviet Union is dark and discouraging. The notoriously lethargic Soviet economic system had begun to fail by the late 1970s and the young leader of Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev, attempted to fix it with a series of free- market-inspired reforms known as “Perestroika.” These however failed to accomplish his goal and, in some ways, even made economic conditions worse. The second arm of Gorbachev’s reforms, “Glasnost”, focused on liberalizing the Soviet social system, meaning increased freedom of speech, freedom of demonstration, and freedom of the press. However, this only allowed previously repressed nationalisms to break out and caused a widespread loss of confidence in the Soviet state. All the while, elites in the Soviet Union are divided between liberals who want more reforms, and conservatives who don’t. In 1989, communism in Eastern Europe fell, the Berlin Wall came crashing down both literally and metaphorically. Depending on who you ask in the Soviet Union, the fall of their satellite states can be blamed on having too many reforms or not enough. Whatever the case is, something needs to be done or else it will soon join the likes of Czechoslovakia and East Germany in the graveyard of perished states. The future of the Union and the reputation of Socialism is at stake. 2 Definitions and other Useful facts Eastern Bloc: Ambiguous term that describes the Soviet sphere of influence and states under Soviet influence. Some include Communist China or Vietnam in the “Eastern Bloc”, but for the purposes of this background guide it will refer to the communist nations in Eastern Europe (excluding Yugoslavia and Albania) and the Soviet Union. USSR: Stands for “Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.” Synonym for “Soviet Union.” Russification: A process of integrating the various ethnic and national minorities into the majority Russian culture. Russification has been implemented before the Soviet Union as well. Russification includes forcing the Russian language on minority eras, the teaching of Russian history in schools, etc. Iron Curtain: An imaginary line dividing the democratic-capitalist Western Europe and Communist Eastern Europe. Coined by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. Soviet: A term referring to various types of national and social councils during the Russian empire. Eventually became an adjective to describe things related to the Soviet Union. What is a Soviet Republic? The Soviet Union is exactly as it sounds like, a collection of (nominally) independent Soviet Republics. It was the basic administrative unit of the Soviet Union. For example, there was a Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and a Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic. Later, when elections were held, they were held by each of the Soviet Republics, much like provincial elections in Canada. Why do you not refer to Soviet Leaders by their official titles? Unlike the US leader, who is just called President, Soviet leaders often had many titles and titles changed after Gorbachev’s reforms. For clarity, it’s just easier to say “Soviet leader…”. 3 Timeline of Key Events 1985- Gorbachev becomes General Secretary of the Soviet Union 1986- Gorbachev starts to implement “Glasnost” reforms 1987- Gorbachev starts second round of “Perestroika reforms” and the process of democratization 1988- Beginning of protests • Protests in Baltics against anniversary of Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact • Ethnic violence in Armenia and Azerbaijan • Protests in Georgia • Demonstrations in Ukraine • Protests in Belarus 1989- Fall of Eastern Europe • Polish elections result in Communist Defeat • Hungary democratizes • Fall of East German regime and fall of the Berlin Wall • Semi-peaceful protests lead to fall of Communist regimes in Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia • Violent revolution in Romania and execution of Nicolae Ceaușescu • Further democratization of the USSR, with elections being held for the newly created Congress of People’s Deputies of the Soviet Union (basically a semi-independent parliament) • “Baltic Chain of Freedom” forms across the three Baltic States, increasing calls for full independence • Violent crackdown of students in China with the “Tiananmen Square Massacre”, an example of a successful crackdown by a communist government 4 Historical Background Beginnings The birth of the Soviet Union can be traced back to 1917, in the midst of the First World War. Russia was losing badly against the Germans and military incompetence was rife. This, along with widespread inflation, corruption, and food shortages, was all blamed on the Tsar.1 As a result, when food shortages hit the Russian capital of Petrograd, regular people began to protest, escalating into a general strike, which forced the Tsar to abdicate in favor of a provisional, and democratic, government.2 But this provisional government did little to solve Russia’s problems, and instead precipitated the rise of Vladimir Lenin, a Bolshevik and a Marxist. His famous slogan was “Peace, Land, and Bread”, that is peace with the Germans, redistribution of land for the peasants, and bread for everyone.3 It was a potent solution, and soon another uprising was launched in October of 1917, overthrowing the Provisional government and establishing the world’s first communist state. A brutal and bloody civil war would follow against loyalists of the Tsars as well as smaller wars against Poland, Ukraine, etc, leading to the Union Treaty of 1922 creating a Union of nominally independent and ethnicity-organized states, known as the Soviet Union.4 These wars and Lenin’s reign laid the basis for the Soviet State as we know it, with the creation of the secret police, centralization of government, hyper-propagandization, and the militarization of society.5 Stalin and the Growth of the Soviet Empire Succeeding Lenin was Joseph Stalin, a brutally authoritarian and decisive leader willing to do anything to shape the Soviet Union in his vision. With Stalin came the Five-Year Plans, plans dictated by Stalin that encompassed every aspect of society in order to modernize the Soviet Union, a symptom of ever greater centralization of power.6 Using the five-year plans, Stalin put a priority on heavy industry, resulting in the doubling of outputs in coal, iron, and the movement of millions of peasants to urban areas. This population shift combined with continuous draughts and the collectivization of agriculture resulted in a famine in 1932, which 1 Geoffrey Hosking, Russia and the Russians: From the Earliest Times to the Present (London: Penguin Press, 2012), 390-391. 2 Hosking, Russia and the Russians, 391. 3 Dmitri Volkogonov, The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire: Political Leaders from Lenin to Gorbachev (London: HarperCollins, 1998), 27. 4 Hosking, Russia and the Russians, 424-425. 5 Hosking, Russia and the Russians, 410-415. 6 Volkogonov, Rise and Fall, 104-105. 5 would kill upwards of 5 million people.7 Building on what Lenin already created, Stalin expanded the secret police and the repressive state, which he used to force the all aspects of Soviet society to conform to his thinking.8 For example, the “Great Terror” would see five million arrested and over a million shot.9 It was also under Stalin that we see both increased ethnic division as well as ethnic integration, with Stalin giving every nationality, regardless of size, its own republic or autonomous province but at the same time “Russifying” the Soviet Union,10 creating tension and resentment.