A NARRATIVE OF ENCROACHMENT EXPERIENCED BY ATHABASCA CHIPEWYAN FIRST NATION PREPARED FOR: ATHABASCA CHIPEWYAN FIRST NATION INDUSTRY RELATIONS CORPORTION PREPARED BY: P.M. (Patt) Larcombe, Symbion Consultants 415-70 Arthur Street Winnipeg, Manitoba R3B 0G7 SEPTEMBER 28, 2012 i TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables .............................................................................................................................v List of Figures .............................................................................................................................v List of Acronyms .................................................................................................................... viii Executive Summary ................................................................................................................. ix 1.0 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 Qualifications of Writer .......................................................................................... 1-2 1.2 Objectives ............................................................................................................... 1-2 1.3 Methods .................................................................................................................. 1-3 1.4 Organization of Report ........................................................................................... 1-3 2.0 TERMINOLOGY AND FRAMEWORK ....................................................................... 2-1 2.1 Terminology ............................................................................................................ 2-1 2.1.1 ACFN Treaty Rights ...................................................................................... 2-1 2.1.2 ACFN Treaty and Traditional Lands .............................................................. 2-3 2.1.3 Terminology Use in Report ............................................................................ 2-8 2.1.3.1 ACFN Encroachment Study Area ..................................................... 2-8 2.1.3.2 ACFN Rights, Values and Knowledge ............................................ 2-10 2.1.3.3 ACFN and ACFN Members ............................................................. 2-11 2.1.3.4 Encroachment .................................................................................. 2-11 2.2 Spatial and Temporal Scope of Report ................................................................... 2-12 2.3 Conceptual Framework .......................................................................................... 2-12 3.0 HISTORIC ENCROACHMENT DRIVERS ................................................................... 3-1 3.1 Early Furtrade Era to Treaty Signing in 1899 .......................................................... 3-1 3.2 Post Treaty Era 1900-1960’s ................................................................................... 3-5 4.0 CONTEMPORARY ENCROACHMENT DRIVERS..................................................... 4-1 4.1 Population Trends in the ACFN ESA ...................................................................... 4-1 4.1.1 Recent Population Trends............................................................................. 4-2 4.1.2 Projected Population Trends ......................................................................... 4-6 4.1.3 Summary...................................................................................................... 4-8 4.2 Industrial Development ......................................................................................... 4-11 4.2.1 Hydroelectric Development ........................................................................ 4-11 4.2.1.1 W.A.C. Bennett Dam and Williston Reservoir ............................... 4-11 4.2.2.2 Potential New Hydroelectric Developments ................................... 4-15 4.2.2 Quarry and Other Mineral Exploration and Development ........................... 4-18 4.2.2.1 Quarry Development ...................................................................... 4-18 4.2.2.2 Historic Uranium Mining ................................................................ 4-22 4.2.2.3 Current Uranium Exploration ......................................................... 4-25 4.2.2.4 Other Mineral Exploration .............................................................. 4-28 ii 4.2.3 Timber Harvesting and Processing ............................................................. 4-30 4.2.4 Oil Sands Development .............................................................................. 4-35 4.2.5 Linear Features .......................................................................................... 4-44 4.2.5.1 Existing Linear Features ................................................................. 4-44 4.2.5.2 Proposed Linear Features ................................................................ 4-47 4.3 Government Resource Allocations and/or Designations ....................................... 4-51 4.3.1 Urban Development .................................................................................. 4-51 4.3.2 Recreational and Sport Use of Land and Resources ................................... 4-54 4.3.2.1 Consumptive Uses ......................................................................... 4-54 4.3.2.2 Non-Consumptive Outdoor Recreational Use................................. 4-60 4.3.3 Public Land Designations and Plans .......................................................... 4-61 4.3.4 Water Resources ........................................................................................ 4-68 4.3.4.1 Quantity ......................................................................................... 4-70 4.3.4.2 Quality........................................................................................... 4-72 4.4 Climate Change ................................................................................................... 4-74 4.5 Chronology and Spatial Pattern of Encroachment ................................................ 4-77 5.0 DIRECT EFFECTS OF ENCROACHMENT ................................................................. 5-1 5.1 Displacement .......................................................................................................... 5-2 5.1.1 Displacement from Wood Buffalo Park ........................................................ 5-2 5.1.2 Displacement from Peace-Athabasca Delta .................................................. 5-4 5.1.3 Displacement as a Consequence of Oil Sands Development ......................... 5-6 5.1.4 Displacement Due to Loss of Waterway Navigability ................................. 5-12 5.2 Avoidance or Abandonment Due to Concerns About Resource Quality ............... 5-15 5.2.1 Animals and Plants ..................................................................................... 5-15 5.2.2 Fish ............................................................................................................ 5-16 5.2.3 Water ......................................................................................................... 5-19 5.3 Avoidance or Abandonment Due to Activity, Interference and Competition ......................................................................................................... 5-22 5.3.1 Competition by Sport and Commercial Users ............................................. 5-22 5.3.2 Interference, Noise and Activity ................................................................. 5-24 5.4 Summary .............................................................................................................. 5-27 6.0 IMPACTS ON RIGHTS, VALUES AND KNOWLEDGE ............................................ 6-1 6.1 Framework ............................................................................................................ 6-2 6.2 Economic Impacts ................................................................................................ 6-7 6.2.1 Decline in Harvest Success and Opportunity ............................................... 6-7 6.2.2 Increased Costs .......................................................................................... 6-10 6.3 Socio-Cultural Impacts .......................................................................................... 6-12 6.3.1 Cultural Importance of Country Food Consumption ................................... 6-12 6.3.2 Loss of Knowledge and Skills and Intergenerational Transmission ............. 6-13 6.3.2 Loss of Continuity and Connection to Place ............................................... 6-17 iii 6.3.4 Changes in Sharing Norms ......................................................................... 6-18 6.4 Physical and Pyschological Health Impacts ........................................................... 6-20 6.4.1 Dietary Nutrition ........................................................................................ 6-20 6.4.2 Psychological Stress ................................................................................... 6-20 7.0 CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................................................... 7-1 8.0 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................. 8-1 ATTACHMENT A: P.M. (Patt) Larcombe Curriculum Vitae iv LIST OF TABLES TABLE 4-1: Inventory of Pipeline Project