The Research on the Learning Space of Contemporary School from the Experiences of the Development of Educational Architecture in Modern China A thesis submitted to the Graduate School Of the University of Cincinnati In partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Architecture In the College of Design, Architecture, Art and Planning By Yining Fang B.S. North Dakota State University May 10 2017 Committee Chair: Elizabeth H. Riorden Committee Co-chair: Michael McInturf Abstract China currently faces a significant challenge in the educational field. The class-teaching system and its congruent educational architecture are out-of-date. This study aims to determine how modern educational architecture in China developed into the current situation and explore a new typology of classroom building layout that would enhance the teaching-learning efficiency and quality. The new typology is developed based on the ancient teaching philosophy, while also learning from the experiences of the development and changes of educational architecture in China in each stage for the past 150 years. In this context, a classroom building is defined as the building at a campus that serves the function of teaching and learning with other supportive programs, not a building with only regular classrooms. To develop this typological layout in a classroom building, besides a series of historical materials, an in-person survey was also distributed to potential users of the chosen site. High school students and teachers were randomly given the survey and asked to express their concerns and thoughts of current campus and school buildings. The results show that integrative and interactive spaces that would provide complex functions are needed. ii This page intentionally left blank iii Table of Contents List of Images…………………………………………………………………………………………………. vi Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………..1 [Chapter 1] Modern Educational architecture development in China …………………………………..…3 1.1 Brief Introduction: Schools in ancient China…………………………………..………………………....…4 1.2 1840~1911 First ever in history: Missionary schools in China…………………...........................................8 1.2.1 Implant the western system of school buildings toChina………………………………….....…..8 1.2.2 The missionary pedagogy …………………...…………………………………………………..9 1.2.3 Case Study: College Saint Ignace (Xuhui High School) …………………...….........................10 1.3 1911~1949 Movement in Republic of China and during the Wars…...…....................................................15 1.3.1 Social condition after 1911: reform and development in education and architecture …...….................................................................................................................................15 1.3.2 development of missionary schools…...…..................................................................................17 1.3.3 Case Study: Yale-In-China College (YaLi High School) …...….................................................22 [Chapter 2] Contemporary Educational architecture development in China …...…..................................26 2.1 1949~1965with the establishment of People Republic of China …...…......................................................27 2.1.1 Comprehensive transformation: From “American” to “Soviet”: …...….....................................27 2.1.2 1952 “Reorganization” of Chinese higher education …...….......................................................30 2.1.3 Case Study: TsingHua University extension in 1950s…...…......................................................35 2.2 1966~1976 the Cultural Revolution…...…...................................................................................................43 2.2.1 Academics and education during the Cultural Revolution…...…...............................................43 2.2.2 Architecture during the Cultural Revolution…...….....................................................................46 [Chapter 3] 1977~Now Mature educational system and educational architecture in China……………..49 3.1 Establishment of current educational system after the “Reform and Opening-up”………………………..50 3.2 Class-teaching system and existing space relationship….......................................................................…..52 3.2.1 Relationship between educational building and campus…...…..................................................52 3.2.2 Programs within educational building…...…..............................................................................53 iv [Chapter 4] Exploration of a new model of academic space suitable for China………………………......55 4.1 Design philosophy of a new type of classroom space….......................................................................…...56 4.2 A different way of forming a classroom unit ……………………………...........................................…...58 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………………………………...68 v List of Images Figure 1 Restored image of JiXia Academy [Qi Heritage Museum, restored image of JiXia Academy] Figure 2 Floor Plan of WeiWenShuYuan [Lin, Qinghui, WeiWen ShuYuan QuanZhi, 1819] Figure 3 1665 Refurnished Floor Plan of WeiWenShuYuan [Lin, Qinghui, WeiWen ShuYuan QuanZhi, 1819] Figure 4 1850~1877 starting period of time of College Saint Ignace [Xuhui High School School History Exhibition] Figure 5 St. Ignatius Cathedral, Xujiahui, Shanghai [World Imaging, 2009] Figure 6 St. Ignatius Cathedral, Xujiahui, Shanghai [World Imaging, 2009] Figure 7 early College Saint Ignace domitory [Xuhui High School School History Exhibition] Figure 8 Chongsi Hall in College Saint Ignace, built in 1917 [Xuhui High School School History Exhibition] Figure 9 First soccer team taking photo in front of ChongsiHall [Xuhui High School School History Exhibition] Figure 10 Letter from Henry Killam Murphy from Murphy & Dana Architects, New York to Miss Bender from Ginling College, April 17, 1919 [Yale Divinity School Library] Figure 11 Letter from Henry Killam Murphy from Murphy & Dana Architects, New York to Miss Bender from Ginling College, September 20, 1918 [Yale Divinity School Library] Figure 12 Campus planning of Ginling College, by the architect Henry Murphy, Jan. 1st 1921 [Yale Library] Figure 13 Yale-in-China College Plan designed by Murphy & Dana Architects [Yale in China Official Website, http://www.yalechina.org/chinese/history/302/] Figure 14 1920 Yale-in-China Wright Dormitory and on-campus tennis court [Chen, Xianshu, Chang Sha Bai Nian Ming Xiao, August 2017, Human People’s Press] Figure 15 1920 MaYuanLing Science Hall and Basketball court [Chen, Xianshu, Chang Sha Bai Nian Ming Xiao, August 2017, Human People’s Press] Figure 16 List of students and staff attending Shanghai Maritime College with the reorganization [Zhang Tingting, Shanghai Jiaotong University reorganization of departments in 1950s to 1960s, June 25, 2018, SJTU Digital Archives] Figure 17 Tsinghua 1909-1911 Campus Planning and the south façade of the third college in 1911 [Xu, Maoyan, Dong Xiaoxiao, TsingHua University school history exhibition] Figure 18 1914 Campus planning by Murphy &1920 The Auditorium [Xu Maoyan, Dong Xiaoxiao, TsingHua University school history exhibition] Figure 19 1930 Campus Planning & 1930 TsingHua University Library [Xu Maoyan, Dong Xiaoxiao, TsingHua University school history exhibition] Figure 20 1952 West Dining Center of TsingHua University [Fang, Huijian, Zhang, Sijing, TsingHua University Records, 2001, pp. 680-696, TsingHua University Press] Figure 21 Moscow State University Plan [Chen, XiaoTian, Development of form of Chinese Universities, 2008, pp. 122-130, Tongji University Doctor’s thesis] Figure 22 TsingHua University Plan 1954 [Chen, XiaoTian, Development of form of Chinese Universities, 2008, pp. 122-130, Tongji University Doctor’s thesis] vi Figure 23 1954 TsingHua University main building schematic design sketches, Wang Guoyu [Wang GuoYu donated to TsingHua University, campus planning plans of each periods, stored in TsingHua archives center] Figure 24 Moscow State University Main Building & 1954 TsingHua University Planning Main Building [Wang GuoYu donated to TsingHua University, campus planning plans of each periods, stored in TsingHua archives center] Figure 25 1954 TsingHua University Planning Main Building Perspective Rendering [Luo, Sen, New Architecture 4th issue TsingHua University Architecture Planning and Revolution 1911~1981, 1987] Figure 26 Built TsingHua University Main Building [TsingHua University Architecture Department, 1949-2000 China Architecture Awards, 2009] Figure 27 urban intellectual youths in rural area as part of the Countryside Movement [VCG via Getty Images] Figure 28 Tearing down the gate of TsingHua University by its students [Tsing Hua Ren, 2009, 1st issue] Figure 29 Students dressed up in military uniforms attend classes at Beijing University, May 23, 1971 [Vittoriano Rastelli/corbis via Getty Images] Figure 30 WanSui Hall, construction started in 1968, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, Photo taken in 1982 [Jiangxi Province Exhibition Center] Figure 31 Ground floor plan of International Club, and the five parts [Jianwai Diplomatic Projects Team, “Guoji Julebu International Club”, Jianzhu Xuebao Architectural Journal, no.1, p.1973, p.48-49, drawn by the author based on the documentation drawings, courtesy of Beijing Urban Construction Archive ] Figure 32 Red guards at No. 23 Middle School wave the Little Red Book of the Quotations of Chairman Mao in classroom revolution rally [Wikimedia commons] Figure 33