The Formation and Circulation of Early Yanzi Lore, Fourth Century B.C. - Third Century A.D. Li Yang A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2016 Reading Committee: William G. Boltz, Chair Patricia Ebrey Ping Wang Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Department of Asian Languages and Literature © Copyright 2016 Li Yang University of Washington Abstract The Formation and Circulation of Early Yanzi Lore, Fourth Century B.C. - Third Century A.D. Li Yang Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor William G. Boltz Department of Asian Languages and Literature In this project I provide a textual study of two bodies of manuscripts related to Yanzi (d. 500 B.C.), from the fourth century B.C. to the second century A.D. with particular attention to the nature of textual variation among the manuscripts and the matching texts in the received literature. Both manuscripts, the Yinqueshan Western Han bamboo strips and the three texts from the Shanghai museum collection of Warring States period Chu strips, together with other Han discoveries pertaining to Yanzi reveal that before the official version of the most important transmitted literature on Yanzi, the Yaniz chunqiu, was fixed by Liu Xiang (77-6 B.C.) Yanzi lore had been in wide circulation: the Yingqueshan manuscripts correspond to about eight percent of the received Yanzi chunqiu and are fairly close to the received texts at the level of individual anecdotes; the three Chu manuscripts, “Jing gong nüe” (Commonlord Jing suffered from malaria) “Lu bang da han” (The great drought on the State of Lu) and “Zhao wang hui shi” (King Zhao demolished his palace) reflect an earlier stage in the process of shaping some of the Yanzi tales as we have them transmitted to us today. The formation and circulation of early Chinese texts tend to be composite and irresolute in contrast to the Western textual world in which a single authorship and a relatively resolute tradition can often be identified. Basic principles of textual criticism are used as guidelines but with reservations in analyzing textual variation due to this difference in the contexts and nature of text formation and circulation between the Western classical world and the early Chinese periods. The analysis of textual variation between the manuscripts and the received Yanzi chunqiu suggests that all the Yingqueshan accounts discussed in this study were most likely composed before the received counterparts; and the textual study of the three Warring States period manuscripts reveals that besides text passages, literary motifs can be composite and can be adapted into different textual settings as well. Table of Contents Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................. i List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. iii Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................. iv Chapter One: Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 The Transmitted Yanzi chunqiu ............................................................................................ 1 1.1.1 Textual History and Classification ................................................................................. 1 1.1.2 Authenticity and Authorship .......................................................................................... 8 1.1.3 The Qing Philologists and Yanzi chunqiu .................................................................... 12 1.2 Newly Discovered Manuscripts .......................................................................................... 13 1.3 Method and Conventions .................................................................................................... 19 Chapter Two: The Yinqueshan Yanzi Manuscripts (Third Century A.D.) ................................... 27 2.1 Yinqueshan Account One (strips 528-531) ......................................................................... 27 2.2 Yinqueshan Account Four (strips 542-551) ........................................................................ 34 2.3 Yinqueshan Account Five (strips 552-555) ........................................................................ 48 2.4 Yinqueshan Account Ten (strips 578-584) ......................................................................... 58 2.5 Yinqueshan Account Twelve (strips 590-597) ................................................................... 74 2.6 Yinqueshan Account Thirteen (strips 598-610) .................................................................. 92 2.7 Yinqueshan Account Fifteen (strips 617-623) .................................................................. 111 2.8 Yinqueshan Account Sixteen (strips 624-630) ................................................................. 133 Chapter Three: Three Warring States Manuscripts of the Shanghai Museum Collection .......... 151 3.1 “Jing gong nüe” 景公瘧 “Commonlord Jing suffered from malaria” .............................. 151 3.1.1 Transcription and Translation .................................................................................... 151 3.1.2 Yanzi chunqiu 1.12, 7.7 and Zuozhuan “Zhao 20” .................................................... 187 3.2 “Lu bang da han” 魯邦大旱 “The great drought in the State of Lu” ............................... 200 3.2.1 Transcription and Translation .................................................................................... 200 3.2.2 Yanzi chunqiu 1.15 .................................................................................................... 210 3.2.3 “Ritual Exposure” and “Good Governance” as Methods for Relieving Droughts in Early China ......................................................................................................................... 215 3.3 “Zhao wang hui shi” 昭王毀室 “King Zhao demolished his palace” .............................. 222 3.3.1 Transcription and Translation .................................................................................... 222 3.3.2 The Motif of “demolishing palace for joint burial” and Yanzi chunqiu 2.20, 7.11 and Liji 3.3 ................................................................................................................................. 237 Chapter Four: Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 245 4.1 The Formation and Circulation of Early Yanzi Lore ........................................................ 245 4.2 Applying Textual Criticism to Early Chinese Texts ......................................................... 248 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................... 253 i Appendix: Photographs of the Three Warring States Manuscripts of the Shanghai Museum Collection .................................................................................................................................... 268 ii List of Tables Table 1.1 YZCQ in major catalogues ............................................................................................. 5 Table 1.2.2 Matching passages between the Yinqueshan Yanzi manuscripts and received texts 16 Table 2.1 Significant variants in YQS Account One .................................................................... 33 Table 2.2 Significant variants in Account Four ............................................................................ 47 Table 2.3 Significant variants in YQS Account Five ................................................................... 56 Table 2.4 Significant variants in YQS Account Ten .................................................................... 72 Table 2.5 Significant variants in YQS Account Twelve ............................................................... 89 Table 2.6 Significant variants in YQS Account Thirteen ........................................................... 109 Table 2.7.1 Distribution of vacant and lexical variants in Account Fifteen ............................... 130 Table 2.7.2 Variants that suggest textual corruptions in R ......................................................... 130 Table 2.8 Significant ariants in YQS Account Sixteen ............................................................... 149 Table 3.1.1 “Jing gong nüe”: The cause, the ailment and the proposal ...................................... 194 Table 3.1.2 “Jing gong nüe”: Yanzi’s remonstrance .................................................................. 196 Table 3.1.3 “Jing gong nüe”: The remorse and recovery ........................................................... 198 Table 3.2 The matching passage between “Lu bang da han” and Yanzi chunqiu 1.15. .............. 212 iii Abbreviations Jishi Yanzi chunqiu jishi 晏子春秋集釋 (Wu Zeyu 1962) M Manuscripts OC Old Chinese Qun Qunshu zhiyao 群書治要 R Received texts ShY Shui yuan 說苑 SSJ Shisanjing zhushu 十三經註疏 Yulan Taiping yulan 太平御覽 YQS Yinqueshan 銀雀山 manuscripts YZCQ Yanzi chunqiu 晏子春秋 ZZ Zuozhuan 左 傳 iv Chapter One: Introduction 1.1 The Transmitted Yanzi chunqiu 1.1.1 Textual History and Classification Yanzi chunqiu is a collection of 215 political anecdotes involving Yan Ying 晏嬰 (ca.