KU Leuven Faculty of Arts Blijde Inkomststraat 21 box 3301 3000 Leuven, Belgium Language Policies in the Anglo- Egyptian Sudan A Language Ideological Perspective Sarah Van Eyken Presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts in Arabic and Islamic Studies Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Helge Daniëls Academic year 2018-2019 Short word of thanks Before diving right in, I would like to take a brief moment to thank the people who have helped me during the interesting process of which this thesis is the culmination. First of all, I thank my supervisor, Prof. Helge Daniëls, for her genuinely enlightening feedback and advice, for allowing me to explore various side-tracks, and most of all for her passionate teaching, which introduced me to the subject of Arabic (socio)linguistics in the first place. Had it not been for her infectious enthusiasm, I would perhaps not have chosen this subject. I can admit that I had never expected this little project to be so hard to put down. I would also like to thank all my other teachers whom I had the pleasure of studying with throughout the three years of my bachelor’s degree for sharing their knowledge of and love for the Arabic language and the field of Arabic and Islamic Studies more generally and for making this degree an experience which I can look back on fondly. Finally, I would like to thank my family and friends for their continuous support and for reminding me that it does not have to be perfect. 2 Table of contents Short word of thanks ______________________________________________ 2 Table of contents _________________________________________________ 3 5 ________________________________________ ﺔﺻﻼﺧ رﻋ ﺑ ﯾ ﺔ – Arabic summary Introduction ____________________________________________________ 6 I. Sociolinguistic landscape of the Sudan ________________________________ 8 Arabic in the Sudan _______________________________________________________ 8 Non-Arabic Sudanese languages ____________________________________________ 15 ‘Foreign’ languages ______________________________________________________ 17 II. Early colonial language policies and the emergence of a ‘language problem’ ____ 18 The Anglo-Egyptian Condominium _________________________________________ 18 Early colonial language policies (1899-1920s) ___________________________________ 19 A ‘language problem’ ____________________________________________________ 21 III. The colonial Southern Policy ____________________________________ 23 Coercive strategies: Physical separation of North and South ________________________ 24 Semiotic strategies: Construction of antagonistic, spatialised identities ________________ 26 The Rejaf Language Conference (1928) ______________________________________ 30 IV. Reversal of the Southern Policy (1946) _____________________________ 37 V. Colonial linguistic ideology ______________________________________ 41 Language ideology ______________________________________________________ 41 A modernist conception of language _________________________________________ 42 The ideological construction of the Southern linguistic landscape ___________________ 45 Orthography ___________________________________________________________ 48 Internalisation of colonially constructed cultural and linguistic categories _____________ 49 Conclusion ____________________________________________________ 52 3 Bibliography ___________________________________________________ 53 Appendices ____________________________________________________ 57 Appendix 1: Transcription table ____________________________________________ 57 Appendix 2: Map of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan ________________________________ 59 4 ﺔﻼﺧﺻ رﻋ ﺑ ﯾ ﺔ – Arabic summary ﻧﺗﺗولﺎ هذھ ﺔﻗورﻟا ـﯾتﻐﺎوﺳﯾﻟاـﺳ ﻲﺔ ﻠﻟاﺎ ﺔﻣﻛوﺣﺎﮭﺗﻧﺑﺗﻟاﺗ ﯾـﺔﯾرﯾزﺻﻠﻧاﺟﻟاﻻ ﺳﻲﻣﺔ ﻟا اﻲندﻟاـوﻓ ﺳةﺗرﻓﻓ ﺷةدﺎﯾﻟاـ ي،ﺗﺔﻛرﻟاـﻣ أ ي،ﺗﺔﻛرﻟاـﻣ ﺷةدﺎﯾﻟاـ ﺳةﺗرﻓﻓ اﻲندﻟاـوﻓ ﻟا ﺳﻲﻣﺔ ﯾـﺔﯾرﯾزﺻﻠﻧاﺟﻟاﻻ ﺔﻣﻛوﺣﺎﮭﺗﻧﺑﺗﻟاﺗ ﻠﻟاﺎ ﻲﺔ ـﯾتﻐﺎوﺳﯾﻟاـﺳ نﻣ ﺎﻋ م ١٨٩٩ ﺗﺣﻰ ـﺳا ﺗ لﻼﻘ ا دوـﺳﻟ نا ﻲﻓ ﺎﻋ م ١٩٥٦ .لﺧﻼ هذھ ا ةرﺗﻔﻟ ﻣتـﺳﻗ ا ﺔﻣوﻛﺣﻟ ﺔﯾرﺎﻣﻌﺗـﺳﻻا ا نادوـﺳﻟ ﻟﻰإ نﯾﻣـﺳﻗ نﯾﻣـﺳﻗ ﻟﻰإ نادوـﺳﻟ ا ﺔﯾرﺎﻣﻌﺗـﺳﻻا ﺔﻣوﻛﺣﻟ ا ﻣتـﺳﻗ ةرﺗﻔﻟ ا هذھ .لﺧﻼ ـﻗ(ﺳ مـ ـﺷ ﻣـﺎ ﻲﻟ ـﺳﻗو مـ ﻲﺑوﻧﺟ ﻣـلـﺷﯾ ﺎتظﻓﺎﻣﻟﺣا ا ﺔﯾﺑوﻧﺟﻟ ا ﻟ )ﺔﺛﻼﺛ و ﻛﺣ ﻣ ﺗ ﮭ ﻣ ﺎ ﺄﻛ ﮭﻧ ﻣ ﺎ ﺎﻛ ﻧ ﺎ ﯾﻛ ﺎ ﻧ ﯾ ن ﻣ ﻧ ـﻔﺻ ـ ﻠ ﯾ ن ﻣﻣو زﯾ ﯾ ن ـﺷﻓ تﻌﺟـ تﻌﺟـ ـﺷﻓ ن ﻠﻋﻰ طﺗ و ھر ﻣ ﺎﺑﺷ لﻛـ ﻋنلوزﻌﻣ ـﻌﺑﺿ ﻣﮭ ﺎ ا ﻟ ﻌضﺑ ﻠﻋﻰ ا ـﻟﺻ ﯾﻌ د ا ﺳﻟ ـ ﯾ ﺳﺎ ﻲـ ـﺗﺻﻗﻻاو ﺎ يد او ﻟ ﺛ ﻘ ﺎ ﻲﻓ او ﻟ .يوﻐﻠ زﻛرﺗ ﺔﻗوﻟرا ﻲﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻗوﻟرا زﻛرﺗ .يوﻐﻠ ﻟ او ﻲﻓ ﺎ ﻘ ﺛ ﻟ او هذھ ا ـﺳﻟ ﯾ ﺔـﺳﺎ ا ﻟ ﻲﺗ تﯾﻣـﺳ ا" ـﺳﻟ ﯾ ﺔـﺳﺎ ا ."ﺔﯾﺑوﻧﺟﻟ دفﮭﺗ ا ﺔﻗروﻟ إ ﻰﻟ نأ ﻧﺗ ﻗشﺎ هذھ ا ـﺳﻟ ﯾ ﺔـﺳﺎ نﻣ ا ﻟ ﻧ ﺔﯾﺣﺎ ا ﻟ ﺔﯾوﻐﻠ ـﺳﺗور م ا ﻠﺧﻟ ﻔ ﯾ ﺔ ﺔ ﺎﺧترﻟاﺗ ﻲﮭظرﻓﺔﯾﯾ ﮭﯾ .ﺎﻟاﺗ ﺎﻗﻣت ﺳﺔﻣﻛوﺣ ﺔﯾﺎرﻣﻌﺗـاـﻟاﻻ ﺑ ـﺷﻣ عورـ عارﺗﺧا ﯾوھ ﺗ نﯾ ﺗﺧﻣ ﻠ ﻔ ﺗ نﯾ ﻰﺗﺣو ـﺿﻣ ـ نﯾدﺎ ﻲﻓ ا ـﺳﻟ نادوـ نادوـ ـﺳﻟ ا ﻲﻓ نﯾدﺎ ـ ـﺿﻣ ﻰﺗﺣو نﯾ ﺗ ﻔ ﻠ ﺗﺧﻣ نﯾ ﺗ ﯾوھ عارﺗﺧا عورـ ـﺷﻣ و ـﺳاـ تﻣﺧﺗد ي وﻟاعﺗﻐو ﻠﻟاﻧ ي ﯾزﻟاﻣﯾذ ﻟاـﺳ اندـو ﺎﻣﻛ ـﺳا ـ تﻠﻐﺗ تﺎﻓﻼﺗﺧﻻا ا ﻟ ﺔﯾﻓﺎﻘﺛ او ﺔﯾﻧﯾدﻟ او ﻌﻟ ﻗر ﯾ ﺔ ن ﻟاﯾﺑ ﻣﺟ ﺎ ﻋ تﺎ ا ﻟ ﺳ ـ و د ا ﻧ ﯾ ﺔ ﺎ ﯾﺗﻟقﻘﺣ اذھ ﻟفا ادﺎﻣﺗاﻋدﮭ ﻠﻋﻰ ا أدﺑﻣﻟ نأ ا ﻟ ﺔﻐﻠ ـﺷﺗ رﯾ إ ﻰﻟ ا ﺔﯾوﮭﻟ ا ﺔﯾﻓﺎﻘﺛﻟ او ﺔﯾﻧﯾدﻟ او ﻌﻟ ﻗر ﯾ ﺔ . ﻛ ﻟذك ـﺻأ ﺑ تﺣ ﻐﺳت ﻠﻟاﻟادﺎـو ﻧا ﯾ ﺔ ﺔ ادأتو ﻟ نﯾﻛﺗو ﻓلﺻ ﺑ نﯾ ا لﺎﻣﺷﻟ او وبﻧﺟﻟ ﯾوھو ﺗ ﮭﯾ ﻣ .ﺎ ﺗﺗونﻛ هذھ ﺔﻗورﻟا ﻣن ٥ ـﺻﻓ ـ لوـ ـﺿإ ـ ﺔﻓﺎـ إ ﻰﻟ ا ﺔﻣدﻘﻣﻟ ـﺳﻻاو ـ .جﺎﺗﻧﺗـ ﮭﯾدف ا ـﻔﺻﻟ ـ لـ لوﻷا ﻟ ﺔﻗروﻠ إ ﻰﻟ نأ ﯾ مدﻘ زﺟوﻣ زﺟوﻣ مدﻘ ﯾ نأ ﻰﻟ إ ﺔﻗروﻠ ﻟ لوﻷا لـ ـ ـﻔﺻﻟ ا ﮭﯾدف ﻟا ﻐﻠﺎت ﺗﻣﻟﺧا ﻠ ﺔﻔ ا ﻟ ةدووﻣﺟ ﻲﻓ ا ـﺳﻟ ـ نادوـ ﯾو ﺿو ـ ـ ـ ﺢ .ﺎھرادأو لوﺎﻧﺗﯾ اذھ ــﻔﻟﺻا لـ ﺔﻧﺎﻛﻣ ا ﻟ ﺔﻐﻠ ا ﺔﯾﺑرﻌﻟ ﻓﻲ ﻊﯾﻣﺟ ــﺷأ ﺎﮭﻟﺎﻛـ – ﺎﺻوﺧوﺻ ك ﻠﺗ لﺎﻛﻷاﺷ ا ﻟ ﻲﺗ رﮭظﺗ ﻓ ﺎﮭﯾ ﻲﻓ ا ﻟ ﻧﻣ قطﺎ ا ﺑوﻧﺟﻟ ﯾ ﺔ – ﻣﻛ ﺎ ﯾﺗ ول تﻐﻠﻟاﺎﻧ ﺔﯾﻧادﻟوﺳاﺎ ﻋرﯾرﻐﻟا ﺔﯾﺑ تﻐﻠﻟاو ﺔﯾﺑﻧاﻷﺟﺎ ﺔﯾﺑﻧاﻷﺟﺎ تﻐﻠﻟاو ﺔﯾﺑ ﻋرﯾرﻐﻟا ﺔﯾﻧادﻟوﺳاﺎ تﻐﻠﻟاﺎﻧ ول ﻲ رﺗبﻟاﺗ اﻌﻠدو ﻲﻓ ا دوﺳﻟ .نا روﯾﻓ ا لـﻔﺻﻟ ا ﻟ ﺛ ﺎ ﻲﻧ ا ﻠﺧﻟ ﺔﯾﻔ ا ﻟ ﺗ ﺔﯾﺧﯾرﺎ ﻟ ﺔﯾﻘﺑ ا ﺔﻗروﻟ ﻧﺗﯾو لوﺎ ا ـﺳﻟ ﯾ ـﺳﺎ ﺎت ا ﻟ ﺔﯾوﻐﻠ ا ﻟ ﻲﺗ ﻔﻧذ ﺎﮭﺗ ا ﺔﻣوﻛﺣﻟ ا ﻟ ﻧﺎطﯾرﺑ ﺔﯾ ﻟاﺔﯾﻣـرﺻ ﻟاﺔﯾﻣـرﺻ ﻲﻓ ا ـﺳﻟ تاوﻧ ا ﻟ ﺗ ﺎ ﻟ ﺔﯾ ةدﺎﻋﻹ ﺎﮭﻟﻼﺗﺣا ﻟ .نادوـﺳﻠ هذھﻲﻓ ا ـﺳﻟ تاوﻧ ﻰﻟوﻷا ﻛﺣ تﻣ ﺔﻣﻛوﺣ ﻟا ـﻻاﺳ ﯾرﺎﻣﻌﺗ ﺔ انﻟادـوﺳ وﺔﻟدوﻛ ةادﺣ ةادﺣ وﺔﻟدوﻛ انﻟادـوﺳ و ﻐطت اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾّﺔ ﻠﻋﻰ ﺎﺔﺣـﻟاـﺳ ا ـﺳﻟـ ﯾ ـﺳﺎ ـ ﺔﯾ ﺔﯾرادﻹاو ﻲﻓ ﻟاﻧوﺟب ﻣﻛ ﺎ ﻲﻓ ﺎلﻣـﻟاـﺷ . رﺛﻛأ ادﯾدﺣﺗ ﺣﺑتــﺄﺻﻓ ا ﻟ ﺔﻐﻠ ا ﺔﯾﺑرﻌﻟ ﺔﯾﺑرﻌﻟ ا ﺔﻐﻠ ﻟ ا ﺣﺑتــﺄﺻﻓ ادﯾدﺣﺗ رﺛﻛأ . ﻟاـﺳ ﻧادـو ﯾ ﺔ ا ﺑوﻧﺟﻟ ﺔﯾ ﺔﻐﻟ ﺔﻣﯾرادإ ﺔﻣﮭ ﻲﻓ ا وبﻧﺟﻟ كﻟذﻛو ـﺳﺗﻛا ـ ﺑت ﺔوﯾﻣھأ ﻧ اذوﻔ . ادﺑ ﺔﻣﯾ ن اوألﺋ ﺎﯾتﻧﯾـرﻟاـﻌﺷ دﺑ ا ﻲﻓ ا ﻟ ود ا رﺋ رﺋ ا ود ﻟ ا ﻲﻓ ﻻاﺳ ـ ﺔﯾرﺎﻣﻌﺗ إ كارد دوﺟو ﺔﻠﻛـﺷﻣ" "ﺔﯾوﻐﻟ ﻲﻓ ا بوﻧﺟﻟ ﺗرﻣ ﺔطﺑ ﺑ ﺎ ﻧ ـﺷﺗ رﺎ ا ﺑرﻌﻟ ﺔﯾ ا ادوـﺳﻟ ﻧ ﺔﯾ ا ﺑوﻧﺟﻟ ـﺳاوﺔﯾ ﺎﮭﻣادﺧﺗ ﺔﻐﻠﻛ رادإ ﺔﯾ رادإ ﺔﻐﻠﻛ ﺎﮭﻣادﺧﺗ ـﺳاوﺔﯾ ﺑوﻧﺟﻟ ا ﺔﯾ ﻧ ادوـﺳﻟ ا ﺔﯾ ﻲﻓ ا ﻧﻣﻟ قطﺎ ا ﺑوﻧﺟﻟ .ﺔﯾ ﯾ ثﺣﺑ ا ﻟ لـﺻﻔ ا ﻟ ﺛ ﺎ ثﻟ نﻋ ا ـﺳﻟ ﯾ ـﺳﺎ تﺎ ا ﻟ ﺔﯾوﻐﻠ ا ﻟ ﻲﺗ ﺗ ﺑ ﻧ ﺎﮭﺗ ا ﺔﻣوﻛﺣﻟ ـﺳا ﺎﺟﺗ ﺔﺑ ﻟ هذﮭ ا ﻟ ﺷﻣ ـ ﻛ ﻠ ﺔ ا ﻟ ﻠ وﻐ ﯾ ﺔ . ﻛ ﺎ ن ن ﺎ ﻛ . ﺔ ﯾ وﻐ ﻠ ﻟ ا ﺔ ﻠ ﻛ ـ ﺷﻣ رھوﺟ "اﻟﺳـﯾﺎﺳـﺔ اﻟﺟﻧوﺑﯾّﺔ" نأ ا ﻟ ﺔﻐﻠ ا ﺔﯾﺑرﻌﻟ ﻲﻓ يأ ـﺷ لﻛـ نﻣ ـﺷأ ﺎﻛـ ﺎﮭﻟ ﻟ ـﺳﯾ تـ ﻧﻣ ـﺳﺎ ـ ﺔﺑ ﺔﻐﻠﻛ ﺔﯾرادإ وأ ﺔﻐﻟ ﻠﻌﺗ ﯾ م ﻲﻓ ا وبﻧﺟﻟ وبﻧﺟﻟ ا ﻲﻓ م وأﻧﮫ ﻻ ﺑدّ ﻣن أ ن ﺗ ﻌ ﻗرل ﻟاﺔﻣﻛوﺣ ﺳا ـ ادﺧﺗ ﻣ ﺎﮭ او ﻧ ـﺷﺗ ﺎھرﺎ ﻲﻓ ا ﻧﺟﻟ بو و ﻟﺑﺗد ﺎﮭ ﺑ ﺎ ﻟ ﺔﻐﻠ ﺔﯾزﯾﻠﺟﻧﻻا ﺎﻐﻟتو ﺑوﻧﺟ ﺔﯾ ـﺄﺻﺗﻣ" "ﺔﻠ ﻠﻋﻰ ﻠﻋﻰ نرمﻏ ﻣ أﻟان ﺳﺔﯾﻟاﺑﻌر ﺟﺔﯾﻧادﻟاـو ﺔﯾﻟاﺑﻧو ﻧتﺎﻛ ﻧﻣ ةرـﺷﺗ ﺔﻐﻠﻛ ـﺷﻣ ﺔﻛرﺗ ﺑ نﯾ ﻋﻣﺧﺟت ﺔﻔﻠﻟاﻟاﺎﺎﺗﻣ ادلﺧ ا .وﻧبﺟﻟ ﺎﻧﯾش ـلﻔﻟﺻاﻗ ـلﻔﻟﺻاﻗ ﺎﻧﯾش ﺑﻊﻟاار ﺔاﻣﻛوﺣرﻗر ﻟاﻟ ﻠﻘب ـﺳ ـ ﯾ ـﺳﺎ ـ ﺎﮭﺗ ﻲﻓ ا بوﻧﺟﻟ ـﺷﺑ ـ لﻛ لﻣﺎﻛ دﻌﺑ ءﺎﮭﻧاﺗ ب ﺔﯾﻟاﻣﻟﺣﻟاﺎرﻌ .ﺔﯾﻧﺎﻟاﺛ وﯾررــﺗﺷ ﺔﺳﻰﻗ ﻟا ﻟإﻟاـ قﯾـ ﺎ قﯾـ ﻟإﻟاـ ﻟا ﺔﺳﻰﻗ وﯾررــﺗﺷ .ﺔﯾﻧﺎﻟاﺛ ﺔﯾﻟاﻣﻟﺣﻟاﺎرﻌ ب ﺳف روﻟاـﺗﻲظروﻟاـ وﺟﺔﯾــﺎﻟاﯾﺳﯾﺎﺧ وﺻﺔﯾﺎﻋاﻣﺗﻻ ﺔﯾدﺎـﺗﻗاـﻻ وةﯾـرﻐﻟاﺗﺻﻣ ﻟﺢﺎﻟاـﻣ رﺔﯾﻧﺎﯾﻟاﺑطر ﺑﻟاﺔطﺗﻣ ﺎﮭﺑ ھحـﻟﺷ ـذر ا .ارﻟاﻘر .ارﻟاﻘر ﻧﺗﯾولﺎ ـلﻔـﻟﺻا ﻟسﺧا ﯾراﻷﺧﻣوﺎ ﻹاﯾ ﺔﯾﺟوﻟوﯾد ا ﻟ ﺔﯾوﻐﻠ ا ﻟ ﻲﺗ ـﺷﻛﺗ ـف ا ـﺳﻟ ـ ﯾ ـﺳﺎ ـ تﺎ ا ﻟ ﺔﯾوﻐﻠ ـﻻاﺳ ـ ﺔﯾرﺎﻣﻌﺗ .ﺎﮭﻧﻋ ﻋارﺗتﻓ ا ﺔﻣوﻛﺣﻟ ﺔﻣوﻛﺣﻟ ا ﻋارﺗتﻓ ن ظﺔﻐﻠﻟاﺄﺑ ﺻﻣﮭر ـرﺎﻧﻌﻟـ ﺔﯾوھ ﺗﺣثﻣﻟا ﺗﻼﻋتدو ﺑ ﻠﻋﻰ ذھ ا اﻟﺑﻌد اﻟرﻣزي ﻟﻠّﻐﺔ ﻟﺗﺣﻘﯾق طﻣوﺣﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺳــودان. ﻛذﻟك ﻓﺗُﻌﺗﺑر رﺔﻐ ﻠﻟاﻟاﺑﻌ ﻣرزﺔﯾ ﻼﺳا وـــمﻺ اﻟ ﺔﺑﻌﻟور او ﻟ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺛ ﺔﯾﺑﻌﻟرا ﺑو ﺎ ﻟ ﺗ ﺎ ﻲﻟ ﺗُﻌﺗﺑر ﺔﯾﻟاﺑﻌر ـﺷإـ ـ ةرﺎ ﻰ ﻟإﺷﺔﻟاﯾﮭو ﻲ.ﺔﯾﻟﺎﻟاﻣـــ ﺑلﺎﻘﻓﻣ كذ ﻟ كذ ﺑلﺎﻘﻓﻣ ﻲ.ﺔﯾﻟﺎﻟاﻣـــ ﻟإﺷﺔﻟاﯾﮭو ﻰ روـتﺗﻓـﺻ ةراداﻹ ـاﻻﺳ ﺔﯾرﺎﻣﻌﺗـ ﺟﺔﯾوھ ﺔﯾﺑوﻧ ﺗﻣ ﺔـﺎﻧﻗـﺿ و ـارﺳ ﺔﺧـ ﻲﻓ ا ﻟ ﺎتﻐﻠ ا ـﺳﻟ دوـ ا ﻧ ﺔﯾ ا ﺑوﻧﺟﻟ ﺔﯾ ا رﯾﻐﻟ ﺑرﻋ ﺔﯾ او ـﺳﻣﻟ ـ ﺔﯾﺣﯾ ﺔﯾﺣﯾ ـ ـﺳﻣﻟ او ﺔﯾ ﺑرﻋ رﯾﻐﻟ ا ﺔﯾ ﺑوﻧﺟﻟ ا ﺔﯾ ﻧ ا دوـ ـﺳﻟ ا ﺎتﻐﻠ ﻟ ا ﻲﻓ ﺔﺧـ ـارﺳ او ﻟ ﺛ ﻘ ﺎ ﺔﻓ ﻘﯾرﻓﻹا .ﺔﯾ ﺗ ﺣﺑث ﻟاﺔﻗور نﻋ ا ﻟ ـﺻﻣ ط ﻠ ﺣ تﺎ ا ﻟ ﺗ ﻲ ا ﺳ ـ ﺗ ﺧ د ﻣ ﺗ ﺎﮭ ﻟاﺣ ﻣوﻛﺔ ﻠﻟ ﺑﻌﺗرﯾ نﻋ ـﺳ ﯾ ـﺳﺎ ﺎ ﺎﮭﺗ ا ﻟ ﺔﯾوﻐﻠ ﺗو ﻧ ﻗشﺎ ا ﻟ ﻔﻣ مﯾھﺎ مﯾھﺎ ﻔﻣ ﻲ ﺎﻟاتﺗﻛ ﺔﯾـﺎﺳـأﻧﺳ وﻲﺎﮭﻟ ﺎﻟاتﺗﻛ ﻧ ﺔﻟوﺑﻘﻣ ﻲﻓ ا اودﻟ رﺋ ا ﻟ ﺔﯾﻧﺎطﯾرﺑ ﺎﮭﻧﺄﻛ .ﺔﯾﮭﯾدﺑ ـﺳﺗ ﺞﺗﻧﺗ ا ﺔﻗروﻟ نأ ا ﻟ ﺎتﺑﯾﺗرﺗ ا ﻟ ﺔﯾوﻐﻠ او ﻟ ﺔﯾﻓﺎﻘﺛ ﺔﯾﻓﺎﻘﺛ ﻟ او ﺔﯾوﻐﻠ ﻟ ا ﺎتﺑﯾﺗرﺗ ﻟ ا نأ ﺔﻗروﻟ ا ﺞﺗﻧﺗ ـﺳﺗ .ﺔﯾﮭﯾدﺑ ﺎﮭﻧﺄﻛ ﺔﯾﻧﺎطﯾرﺑ ﻟ ا رﺋ اودﻟ ا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻟوﺑﻘﻣ ﻲ ﻟاﺗ ﺎﮭﺗﻧأﺗﺟ وﺔﻣﻛوﺣ ﻲﺿﻟاﺗﻟات ﻧ ﺗارﺎتﺧﻟاﻋﺗﺎ وﺑﺎﻘﺣﺻﻗﻣﮭﺗ أﻟﻰطﺑ كﺳطﻻﻲﺔﺑ ﯾلﺷﻰﺑﻌﻌﻣﯾﻛ ﻟإﻟا .ﯾﻓﮫ 5 Introduction This paper explores the language policies adopted by the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium government, which ruled the Sudan1 from its ‘Reconquest’ of the territory in 1899 to Sudanese independence in 1956.