Notes 1 ANCIENT GREECE 2000±280bc 1. Penguin Atlas of World History, vol. 1 (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1974) p. 33. 2. Boardman, J., Griffin, J., Murray, O., The Oxford History of the Classical World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986) pp. 27±34. Spielvogel, J. J. (ed.), Western Civilisation (New York: West Publishing Co., 1994) p. 68. 3. Aristotle, The Politics, ed. T. A. Sinclair (London: Penguin Classics Series, 1981) Bks 3±6. 4. Hogarth, D. G., The Ancient East (Oxford: Home University Library, 1950) pp. 231±2. 5. Aristotle, op.cit., Bks II (v) & V (i). 6. De Burgh, W. G., The Legacy of the Ancient World (Penguin, 1955) p. 104. 7. Dickinson, G. L., The Greek View of Life (London: Methuen, 1912) pp. 66±80, 163±174. 8. Oxford History, p. 36, p. 222. 9. Western Civilisation, pp. 85±92. 10. Ibid., pp. 101±2. 11. Hogarth, D. G., op.cit., p. 235. 12. Fuller, J. F. C., The Decisive Battles of the Western World, ed. J. Terraine, vol. 1 (London: Paladin, 1970) p. 112. 13. Hogarth, op.cit., p. 239. 14. Oxford History, pp. 266±7. 15. Hogarth, op.cit., p. 238. 16. Ibid., pp. 240±8. 17. Oxford History, pp. 323±6. 2 ROME: REPUBLIC AND EMPIRE 753bc±565ad 1. Western Civilisation, pp. 131±3. 2. De Burgh, W.G., op.cit., pp. 246±7. 3. Ibid., p. 244. 4. Western Civilisation, op.cit., p. 142. 5. Grant, M., The World of Rome (New York: Mentor, 1964) p. 23. The Oxford History of the Classical World, op.cit., p. 395. 6. De Burgh, W.G., op.cit., p. 266. 7. De Burgh, W.G., ibid., pp. 253±61. 8. Grant, M., op.cit., pp. 23±4; De Burgh, W.G., op.cit., p. 253; Western Civilisation, pp. 154±5. 9. Western Civilisation, p. 156; Grant, M., op.cit., p. 25. 10. Western Civilisation, p. 160. 11. Ibid., pp. 166±8. 287 288 Notes 12. Fuller, op.cit., p. 157. 13. Western Civilisation, pp. 165±6. 14. Ibid., pp. 166±8. 15. Fuller, op.cit., p. 181. 16. Grant, M., The Fall of the Roman Empire (London: Nelson, 1976) pp. 26±27. 17. Ibid., p. 66. 18. Ibid., pp. 73±84 and 100. 19. Ibid., pp. 74±75. 20. Ibid., pp. 203, 221. 21. Ibid., p. 158. 22. Ibid., p. 56. 23. Ibid., p. 51. 24. Jones, A.M.H., The Decline of the Ancient World (London: Longman, 1968) pp. 362±3. 25. Norwich, J.J., Byzantium ± The Early Centuries (London: Penguin, 1990) p. 311. 26. Starr, C.G., The Roman Empire, 27bc±476ad (Oxford: OUP, 1982) p. 81. 27. Mackenzie, Lord T. Studies in Roman Law (London: Butterworth, 1862) parti- cularly pp. 7±28 et passim. 28. Norwich, op.cit., pp. 196±7. 29. Mackenzie, op.cit., pp. 30±31. 30. Cross, G. & Hand, G.J., The English Legal System, 5th ed. (London: Butter- worth, 1971) p. 15. 3 CHRISTIANITY 100bc±1200ad 1. De Burgh, op.cit., vol. 1, p. 9. 2. Grant, The World of Rome, pp. 181±3. 3. Ibid., pp. 183±4. 4. Ibid., p. 207. 5. Ibid., pp. 208±11. 6. Dowley, T., (ed) The History of Christianity (Berkhamstead: Lion Publishing, 1977) pp. 130±1. 7. Ibid., pp. 131±2 8. Norwich, op.cit., pp. 42, 59±63. 9. Dowley, op.cit., p. 134. 10. Ibid., p. 179. 11. Ibid., p. 134. 12. Ibid., p. 135. 13. Ibid., p. 183. 14. Ibid., p. 180. 15. De Burgh, op.cit., vol. 2., p. 378. 16. Burman, E., Emperor to Emperor (London: Constable, 1991) pp. 74±8. 17. Dowley, op.cit., p. 140. 18. Western Civilisation, p. 204; Downley, op.cit., pp. 142, 193±4. 19. Downley, Ibid., p. 190. 20. Ibid., pp. 191±3. 21. Ibid., pp. 173±8, 243±4. Notes 289 22. Ibid., pp. 245±7. 23. Mayr-Harting, H., The Coming of Christianity to Anglo-Saxon England (London: Batsford, 1972) p. 52. 24. Hughes, K., The Church in Early Irish Societies (London: Methuen, 1966) p. 35. 25. Mayr-Harting, op.cit., p. 86. 26. Whitelock, D., McKitterick, R., Dunville, D., Ireland in Early Medieval Europe (Cambridge: University Press, 1982), p. 120. Hughes, op.cit., p. 105. 27. Hughes, op.cit., p. 105. 28. Ibid., p. 106. 29. Killen, W. D., Ecclesiastical History of Ireland (London: Macmillan, 1875) vol. 1., pp. 130±3, 141. Whitelock, op.cit., p. 120. 30. Killen, op.cit., p. 210. 31. Keith, D., A History of Scotland (Edinburgh: Paterson, 1886) vol. 2., pp. 290±307. 4 THE PAPACY AND THE FOUNDATION OF THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE 700±1000ad 1. Bryce, Viscount J., The Holy Roman Empire (London: Macmillan, 1919) pp. 90±5. 2. Davis, R. H. C., A History of Medieval Europe (London: Longman, 1957) pp. 90±3. 3. Ibid., pp. 96±9. 4. Burman, op.cit., p. 29. 5. Norwich, J.J., op.cit., vol. 1, pp. 364±5. 6. Chamberlin, R., Charlemagne (London: Grafton, 1986) p. 183. 7. Norwich, op.cit., p. 375. 8. Norwich, op.cit., vol. 1, p. 380; vol. 2, p. 3. 9. Ibid., vol. 2, pp. 3±4. 10. Ibid., p. 12. 11. Jones, G., A History of the Vikings (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984) pp. 182±202. 12. Ibid., pp. 213±18. 13. Ibid., pp. 228±32. 14. Pounds, N. J. G., An Economic History of Medieval Europe (London: Longman, 1974) pp. 72±84. 15. Bloch, M, Feudal Society (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1962) p. 154. 16. Ibid., p. 157. 17. Ibid., pp. 153 ff. 18. Ibid., pp. 243±54. 19. Ibid., p. 147. 20. Ibid., pp. 190 ff. 21. Ibid., pp. 211 ff. 22. Ibid., p. 443. 5 EASTERN EUROPE 600±1100ad 1. Browning, R., The Byzantine Empire (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1980) pp. 46±7 and 63±64. 290 Notes 2. Vernadsky, G., A History of Russia (hereinafter History) (New Haven: Yale, 5th ed. 1961) pp. 24±8. Browning, op.cit., p. 51 3. Browning, Ibid., p. 53. 4. Baynes, N.H., The Byzantine Empire (London: Oxford University Press, 1962) p. 130; Browning, Ibid, pp. 49±50 and and 63±5. 5. Hosch, E., The Balkans (London: Faber, 1972) p. 59. 6. Dowley, op.cit., p. 310. 7. Jones, The Vikings, op.cit., pp. 246±7. 8. Vernadsky, op.cit., pp. 29±34; Norwich, op.cit., vol. 2, p. 66; Jones, Vikings, p. 266. 9. Vernadsky, op.cit., p. 40; Jones, Vikings, p. 263. 10. Vernadsky, op.cit., p. 41. 11. Ibid, pp. 50±2. 12. Ibid., pp. 44±6; Vernadsky, G., A History of Russia, vol. 3, The Mongols (New Haven: Yale, 1948) pp. 372±3; 13. Vernadsky, History, pp. 47±50. 14. Browning, op.cit., p. 94. 15. Norwich, op.cit., vol. 2., pp. 316±7. 16. Browning, op.cit, pp. 87±92. 17. Norwich, op.cit, vol. 2, pp. 340±1. 6 THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES: THE POWER OF THE PAPACY 1000±1300ad 1. Pounds, N. J. G., An Economic History of Medieval Europe (hereinafter Medieval Europe) (London: Longmans, 1974) pp. 90±107. Roerig, F., The Medieval Town (Batsford, 1967) p. 73. 2. Pounds, N. J. G., An Historical Geography of Europe (hereinafter Historical Geography) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990) pp. 124±5. 3. Crump, C. G., The Legacy of the Middle Ages (Oxford: Clarendon, 1926) pp. 25 and 48. 4. Ibid., p. 42. 5. Ibid., pp. 328±55. 6. Bryce, op.cit., pp. 233±4. 7. Ibid., p. 261. 8. Ibid., pp. 209 and 225. 9. Norwich, J. J., The Normans in the South (London: Longman, 1967) p. 197. 10. Western Civilisation, p. 279. 11. Davis, op.cit., p. 245. 12. Penguin Atlas of World History (Harmondsworth, 1974) vol. 1, p. 153. 13. Trevor-Roper, H., The Rise of Christian Europe (London: Thames & Hudson, 2nd ed. 1966) p. 126. 14. Barraclough, R. R. (ed.), Eastern and Western Europe in the Middle Ages (London: Thames & Hudson, 1970) p. 60. 15. Ibid., p. 65. 16. Barraclough, op.cit., pp. 70±1. 17. Tilly. C. and Blockmans, W. P., Cities and the Rise of States in Europe, AD 1000±1800 (Oxford: Westview, 1994) pp. 32±6. Roerig, op.cit., p. 56. Notes 291 18. Pounds, Medieval Europe, p. 362. 19. Kam, V., Accounting Theory (New York: Wiley, 1990) pp. 14±18. 20. Lovell, C. R., English Constitutional and Legal History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1962) p. 80. 21. Stubbs, W., The Constitutional History of England, 5th ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press: 1903) vol. 1, section 155, pp. 569 ff. 22. Lovell, op.cit., pp. 60±1. 23. Ibid., pp. 62±5, 109±10, 138. 24. Ibid., p. 117. 25. Ibid., pp. 183±6. 26. Ibid., p. 194. 27. Ibid., p. 190. 28. Vernadsky, G., The Mongols and Russia (New Haven: Yale, 1963) pp. 334±47. 7 THE END OF THE MIDDLE AGES AND THE RISE OF STATES 1300±1500ad 1. Ziegler, P., The Black Death (London: Collins, 1969) pp. 233±47. 2. Ibid., pp. 267±77. 3. Ibid., pp. 240 and 273. 4. Holmes, G., Europe: Hierarchy and Revolt 1320±1450 (London: Fontana/Collins 1975) pp. 169±79. 5. Ibid., pp. 183±191. 6. Lee, S. J., Aspects of European History 1494±1789 (London: Methuen, 1984) p. 11. 7. Holmes, op.cit., pp. 189±91. 8. Ibid., p. 158; Dowley, op.cit., p. 341. 9. Bryce, op.cit., p. 222. 10. Holmes, op.cit., pp. 195±201; Dowley, op.cit., pp. 338±9. 11. Holmes, op.cit., p. 56. 12. Tilly, op.cit., pp. 101 and 109. 13. Roerig, op.cit., pp. 182±6. 14. Lee, op.cit., p.