The Roman Republic- Part II Andromache Karanika UCI- CLASSICS DEPARTMENT 2nd century BC Problems during this time that called for a reform • Serious economic distress. • Peasants were being pushed off their farms by rich landowners. • Latifundia - large estates worked by slaves and owned mostly by senatorial families. While slaves would work the land, peasants would go to Rome, ‘unemployment’ or ‘idleness’ (as portrayed in some accounts) • Shortage of troops due to recruitment difficulties, part of which resulted from lack of public land to give in exchange for military service; most of the land had already been divided among large landholders. • Large population of slaves was a threat for Rome. Economic impact. Slave Rebellions were a constant threat, and in Sicily one occurred in 135-131 BC which disrupted Rome's grain supply. • Economic crisis in Rome, because less money was coming in from foreign conquests; fewer public projects and fewer jobs. Reforms of the GRACCHI • TIBERIUS SEMPRONIUS GRACCHUS was tribune of the plebs (133). His tribunate marked a sharp break in Roman political development. • Son of TIBERIUS SEMPRONIUS GRACCHUS the ELDER (MAIOR) who was tribune, and later praetor, consul and censor. His mother, CORNELIA (AFRICANA) was the daughter of SCIPIO AFRICANUS, the one who had defeated Hannibal in the Second Punic War. • Our Tiberius Semproniius Gracchus (tribune in 133BC), as you see, came from a wealthy and powerful family. • Tiberius dissatisfied with the Senate AGRARIAN REFORM • Tiberius became tribune and introduced a reform bill in 133 BCE • He first sought land reform, because he saw this as root of the problem and/or the most effective way to rile up the Senate. • He proposed a lex agraria (agrarian law), by-passing the Senate by enforcing the Sexto- Licinian Law which limited public land to 320 acres (remember, it was the same 4th c. law from 367 that also framed the office of consul, with one consul coming from the plebeians). • All land in excess of this would be allotted to the poor for a small rent and would not be taken away for any reason. • Campania was exempt from rule. Role of OCTAVIUS, the opponent of Tiberius Gracchus and result. • Let’s see Roman politics at work. • Another tribune, Octavius, used his VETO power to reject the law. It was rare for one tribune to veto another (mostly used the veto power against consuls or praetors). • Tiberius persuaded the People's Assembly to impeach Octavius and elect someone more sympathetic. The Plebeian Assembly removed Octavius from office. • New tribune and Tiberius passed their law and created a land commission with the power to enforce the law. The commissioners were TIBERIUS himself, his brother Gaius Gracchus, and his father- in-law Appius Claudius Pulcher. • The Senate refused to finance the commission. • Tiberius bypassed the Senate by persuading the People's Assembly to vote to use part of the treasure bequeathed by Attalus III, King of Pergamum. At exactly the same year, 133 BC, the kingdom of PERGAMUM in Asia Minor was bequeathed by the will of king ATTALUS III to the ROMANS!!! Theater at Pergamon- Among my favorite places Pergamon Museum-in BERLIN, Germany where the entire altar of Zeus was transported What happened then with the reform? • Tiberius ran for re-election in 132, which was illegal according to the Lex Villia Annalis. • At the People's Assembly, a riot broke out when it tried to pass a law allowing consecutive terms. • A group of senators, led by Scipio Nasica, who was the pontifex maximus, entered the Assembly and clubbed and stoned 300 Gracchans to death, including Tiberius himself. Tiberius’ opponents argued that he was trying to make himself a tyrant. • When Scipio Aemilianus who was at Numantia heard of Tiberius’ deaths he quote a verse from Homer’s Odyssey “so may perish all who venture on such wickedness” Yet, his death did not really result in the triumph of the opponents of the agrarian reform, as the land commission continued to operate. GAIUS GRACCHUS • Census figures rose (more people eligible for military service), showing the progress of the bill. • Allies complained that their land was being taken, causing tension, but the Senate refused to give allies citizenship (which would have helped the problem). • Gaius was the younger brother of Tiberius, and was also a renowned orator. • Gaius continued the land reforms, proposing colonies on public land, especially in northern Africa. • He proposed a grain law (lex frumentaria) which discounted the price of grain for the urban poor, and a public works program to increase employment. • Attempt to extend citizenship to all Latins, Rome's earliest allies. • Opposition to Gaius • Gaius lost bid for re-election, and new tribunes repealed his reforms. Gaius responded by creating a bodyguard, or army of followers. • Affairs in Rome became very tense after rioting, and so the Senate passed a Senatus consultum ultimum, declaring martial law and giving full authority to consuls. THE FINALE • Consul Lucius Opimius was able to crush the Gracchan movement by force, and his army fought Gaius and his army and led Gaius to commit suicide. • Gaius's reforms stood in place after his death. • The Importance of the Gracchi • They were the first to introduce legislation to relieve economic difficulties. • SHARP DIVISION In political ascension to power • One way to follow traditional methods of competition within senatorial order and another to seek popularity among the citizen body. Optimates on the one, Populares on the other. Marius vs Sulla Marius VS Sulla Sulla marble portrait bust (later copy with alterations after original Marius’ portrait (bust) of the 2nd century B.C.) Sulla • Sulla was from a patrician family that had fallen on hard times. • He had a reputation for always supporting the senate. • He was an officer in Jugurthine and Celtic wars. • He became consul in 88 BCE • Social War: commander of southern campaign against Samnites. • War against Mithridates 88-84 BCE • Marched on Rome to secure command. • Dictator 82-80 BCE • Proscriptions (lists of political enemies to be killed) • Political reforms. Let’s get the details behind the events • Marius vs. Sulla playing the cat and the mouse. • Both competing for command (with the Mithridatic war, and Mithridates being a formidable foe, a threat for the Romans as it extended beyond Pontus and Minor Asia but towards Greece and threatened the Roman presence there • Sulla settled the rebellion among Rome's Italian allies and was then sent to settle King Mithridates of Pontus -- a commission Marius wanted. • Marius persuaded the Senate to change Sulla's order. Sulla refused to obey, and instead marched against Rome-- an act of civil war. ). • 88 a traumatic year for Rome with Sulla’s first march on Rome (CIVIL WAR). • When installed in power at Rome, Sulla made Marius an outlaw and went East to deal with the king of Pontus. • Meanwhile, Marius marched on Rome, began a bloodbath, got revenge and handed out confiscated property to his veterans. • Marius died in 86. What were the PROSCRIPTIONS? • Proscription was developed by Sulla as a way to dispose of the property of those who were condemned. • The “proscribed” individuals were called proscripti. • The law the Romans passed to grant Sulla this extraordinary power was called lex Cornelia de proscriptione et proscriptis and was known as the lex Cornelia or lex Valeria. • In 82 B.C. Sulla created proscription as a means of disposing of his enemies -- the supporters of Marius. He posted a list of those he wanted killed (like the wanted dead or alive posters of the Old West). The property of the proscribed was confiscated and sold and those who killed or revealed the whereabouts of the proscribed were rewarded. Marius’ Legacy • Marius dies of a ‘fever’ in 86 BC • He was credited with saving Rome by defeating the Germanics • He created an atmosphere of enfranchisement with the Italians that was a necessity for Roman growth. • The reform of the legions was of the greatest benefit to the army and Roman power. • He was a deep influence on the life of his illustrious nephew (Marius married Julia, aunt of the famous Gaius Julius Caesar). Julius Caesar learned the lessons about using the Tribunes and the people as a source of power, and about the advantage in power that derived from the support of the people and through military success. We will discuss Julius Caesar later. Caesar witnessed unnecessary internal, civil bloodshed with the strife between Marius and Sulla. Sulla's Changes (that lead to the end of Roman Republic). • Enlarged membership of Senate • Reformed court system • Abolished trials before Public Assemblies • Separate courts for different types of crimes • New courts staffed by Senate members only. Most control came to Senate. • Restricted access to consulship, (needless to say he did not abide by his own rules, of course). • Stripped tribunate of its power. THIS WAS HUGE in marking the end of the Republic towards a slow death. a law was passed that prevented any office holder of the Tribune of the Plebes from ever holding a higher political office in the mainstream Senatorial path (such as Consul). • Restricted powers of provincial governors. • Ultimately Roman political power was up for grabs as checks and balances were being tossed. Sources to look for • Plutarch’s biography of SULLA. You can find it on-line here: • http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/e/roman/texts/plutarch/lives/sulla*.html • See from Plutarch, 33 1 • But besides his massacres, the rest of Sulla's proceedings also gave offence. For he proclaimed himself dictator, reviving this particular office after a lapse of a hundred and twenty years. Moreover, an act was passed granting him immunity for all his past acts, and for the future, power of life and death, of confiscation, of colonization, of founding or demolishing cities, and of taking away or bestowing kingdoms at his pleasure.