Univezra V Ljubljani

Univezra V Ljubljani

UNIVEZRA V LJUBLJANI FAKULTETA ZA ŠPORT Športno treniranje Atletika TEHNIKA IN METODIKA TEKA 400 M Z OVIRAMI PRI ATLETIH DIPLOMSKO DELO MENTOR: Prof. dr. Milan Čoh RECENZENT: Avtor dela: Prof. dr. Branko Škof DEJAN KOROTAJ KONZULTANT: Dr. Aleš Dolenec Ljubljana, 2009 ZAHVALA Zahvalil bi se dr. Milanu Čohu in Mitji Bračiču za pomoč pri zbiranju literature, ter za usmerjanje pri pisanju diplomskega dela. Zahvala gre tudi Milanu Lorenciju, človeku, ki me je usmerjal k spoznavanju te discipline. Prav tako bi se zahvalil svojim staršem za podporo pri študiju. II IZVLEČEK Ključne besede: atletika, tek 400 m z ovirami, tehnika, metodika, ritem TEHNIKA IN METODIKA TEKA 400 M Z OVIRAMI PRI ATLETIH Dejan Korotaj Univerza v Ljubljani, Fakulteta za šport, 2009 Športno treniranje, atletika Tek 400 m z ovirami spada med najbolj kompleksno disciplino v atletiki. Zahteva kombinacijo hitrostne vzdržljivosti, tehnike prehoda ovire z obema nogama in edinstveni vzorec (ritem) teka med ovirami, pri katerem je potrebna visoka stopnja koncentracije skozi celotno tekmovanje. Namen diplomskega dela je opisati splošne značilnosti teka, tehniko prehoda ovire in predstaviti metodiko učenja ritma pri teku 400 m z ovirami. Cilj diplomskega dela je pojasniti tehnične zakonitosti prehoda nizkih ovir, pri čemer je bilo ugotovljeno, da je za kvalitetno tehniko prehoda pomembna dobra tehnična pripravljenost na visokih ovirah. Prehod ovire ni tako agresiven, kot na visokih ovirah, čeprav je potrebno pri obeh ohraniti hitrost. Pojasnjene so značilnosti teka od starta do prve ovire, na ravnini in krivini ter od zadnje ovire do cilja. Pri tem je bilo ugotovljeno, da na posameznih odsekih proge na kvaliteto rezultata vplivajo različni dejavniki, ki se vključujejo med samim tekom in se medsebojno dopolnjujejo. Za dosego dobrega rezultata je potrebna strategija ritma, ki je odvisna od tehnične in taktične pripravljenosti, morfoloških značilnosti, funkcionalnih sposobnosti, motivacijskih dejavnikov ter vremenskih pogojev. Naše ugotovitve govorijo o ključnem pomenu tehnične sposobnosti premagovanja ovir z obema nogama, saj omogoča širšo izbiro strategije teka in dosego boljšega rezultata. III ABSTACT Key words: athletics, 400 m hurdles, technics, methodology, rhythm TEHNIKA IN METODIKA TEKA 400 M Z OVIRAMI PRI ATLETIH Dejan Korotaj University of Ljubljana, Faculty of sport, 2009 The 400 m hurdle race is arguably the most demanding of all events in Athletics. It requires a combination of speed-endurance, hurdling skill with both legs and unique stride pattern between hurdles, which requires a high level of concentration throughout the race. The intention of my bachelor’s thesis is to describe its general characteristics, the hurdle clearance technique and to present the methodology of learning the rhythm in 400 m hurdle race. The purpose of this thesis is to describe the technical demands of low hurdle clearance. It was established that a good technical preparedness for high hurdles is significant for quality hurdle clearance. Low hurdles require less aggressive clearance compared to high hurdles, since a more fluent hurdle clearance is required to preserve high speed. Described are the characteristics of running from the starting position to the first hurdle, on the plane and curved part of the track, and from the last hurdle to the finish line. It was established that on particular parts of the track, different interacting factors have influence on the quality of the result. To achieve a good result a rhythm strategy, which depends on the technical and tactical preparation, morphological characteristics, functional ability, motivation and weather conditions, is required. Our findings point out that the ability of hurdle clearance with both legs plays a significant role in selecting a better strategy and achieving a better result. IV KAZALO 1 UVOD ................................................................................................................................ 1 2 ZGODOVINA TEKA 400 m Z OVIRAMI .................................................................... 3 2.1 RAZVOJ REZULTATOV PRI TEKU NA 400 m Z OVIRAMI ......................................... 5 3 SPLOŠNA PRAVILA DISCIPLINE 400 m Z OVIRAMI ......................................... 11 4 FAZE TEKA 400 m Z OVIRAMI ................................................................................ 13 4.1 START IN TEK DO PRVE OVIRE .................................................................................... 14 4.2 PREHOD OVIRE ................................................................................................................ 15 4.2.1 PREHOD OVIRE NA RAVNINI .................................................................... 15 4.2.2 PREHOD OVIRE V KRIVINI ........................................................................ 16 4.3 TEK MED OVIRAMI ......................................................................................................... 18 4.4 TEK OD ZADNJE OVIRE DO CILJA ............................................................................... 19 5 TEHNIKA TEKA 400 m Z OVIRAMI ........................................................................ 20 5.1 TEHNIČNI DEJAVNIKI USPEŠNOSTI TEKA 400 m Z OVIRAMI ............................... 22 5.2 TEHNIKA PREHODA OVIRE ........................................................................................... 23 5.3 TEHNIČNE ZAKONITOSTI PREHODA NIZKIH OVIR ................................................. 27 5.4 FAZE TEKA 400 M Z OVIRAMI ...................................................................................... 30 5.4.1 OD PRVE DO DRUGE OVIRE ...................................................................... 30 5.4.2 OD TRETJE DO PETE OVIRE ....................................................................... 31 5.4.3 OD ŠESTE DO OSME OVIRE ....................................................................... 31 5.4.4 OD DEVETE DO DESETE OVIRE ................................................................ 32 5.4.5 OD ZADNJE OVIRE DO CILJA .................................................................... 32 5.5 IZHODIŠČA NAČRTOVANJA TAKTIČNE VADBE PRI TEKU 400 m Z OVIRAMI .. ............................................................................................................................................. 33 5.6 ELEMENTI TEHNIČNEGA TRENINGA V TEKU 400 m Z OVIRAMI ......................... 34 5.6.1 DOLŢINA ODSEKA (ŠTEVILO OVIR) ........................................................ 35 5.6.2 RAZDELITEV CELOTNE PROGE (400 m) NA VEČ DELOV .................... 36 5.6.3 ŠTEVILO KORAKOV MED OVIRAMI ........................................................ 37 5.6.4 TIPI RITMA NA STANDARDNIH RAZDALJAH ....................................... 42 5.6.5 RAZDALJA MED OVIRAMI ......................................................................... 43 5.6.6 VIŠINA OVIR .................................................................................................. 43 5.6.7 TEK DO PRVE OVIRE ................................................................................... 44 5.6.8 TIP STARTA ................................................................................................... 45 5.6.9 DOLŢINA ODMORA ..................................................................................... 45 5.6.10 KOMBINIRANI NAČIN RITMA TEKA Z OVIRAMI IN DOLOČENIH DISTANC ......................................................................................................................... 46 5.6.11 KOMBINIRANA VADBENA ENOTA (RITEM IN DISTANCE) ................ 47 5.6.12 OBDOBJE TRENINGOV ................................................................................ 48 6 METODIKA UČENJA RITMA PRI TEKU 400 m Z OVIRAMI ............................ 49 6.1 STRATEGIJE UČENJA TEKA 400 m Z OVIRAMI ......................................................... 50 6.2 UČENJE RITMA ZA ZAČETNIKE ................................................................................... 57 6.3 DOLOČANJE RITMA ........................................................................................................ 60 6.4 STRATEGIJE RITMA V TEKU 400 m Z OVIRAMI ....................................................... 62 6.4.1 KONSTANTEN RITEM .................................................................................. 62 6.4.2 RITEM Z ENKRATNO ZAMENJAVO .......................................................... 63 6.4.3 RITEM Z DVAKRATNO ZAMENJAVO ...................................................... 64 6.4.4 TEK Z IZMENJAVO RAZLIČNIH RITMOV ............................................... 65 6.5 VAJE ZA IZPOPOLNJEVANJE RITMA ........................................................................... 65 6.6 TAKTIČNE STRATEGIJE V TEKU 400 m Z OVIRAMI ................................................. 67 7 RAZVOJ GIBLJIVOSTI OVIRAŠA ........................................................................... 69 V 7.1 RAZTEZNE VAJE ZA GLAVNE MIŠIČNE SKUPINE ................................................... 70 7.2 IZBOR VAJ ZA RAZVOJ GIBLJIVOSTI OVIRAŠA ....................................................... 71 8 ZAKLJUČEK ................................................................................................................. 75 9 LITERATURA ............................................................................................................... 77 KAZALO SLIK Slika 1: Oviraš Alvin Christian Kraenzlein pri prehodu ovire v začetku 20. stoletja, avtor sodobne tehnike teka čez ovire ..................................................................................................

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