‘On being held captive by the unwelcome guest’. NCS practitioners’ experiences of working with the victim-self. Sheila J Peelo Middlesex University and Metanoia Institute Doctorate in Counselling Psychology and Psychotherapy by Professional Studies 2016 1 ABSTRACT This research was set up in order to examine therapeutic practice with victimisation relating to clients abuse as children. The central concern of the study focused on how the victim aspect of the self, or the ‘victim-self’, impacts therapeutic practice and what the corresponding practitioner response is. This interaction provides clues to the way practitioners construct victimisation and whether this contributes to the client’s victim-self and victimisation. The second important concern of the project was to evaluate the learning achieved through collaborative researching. Taking a participatory action research approach to researching, I set up a co-operative inquiry group with five counsellor/therapist colleagues in the National Counselling Service in Ireland. The inquiry group’s stated aim was to change practice relating to the victim-self presentation. The inquiry and evaluation transcripts were analysed using a constructivist grounded theory method and preliminary findings were presented to the group for consultation and revision, in keeping with the multi-voiced philosophy of co-operative inquiry. Preliminary and intermediate findings were presented to my peers at conference to further develop their credibility and trustworthiness. The findings indicate that practitioners constructed the victim-self as a positional phenomenon, which acts both internally and in the world to protect, defend and control. The victim-self positions frequently exert a bind on practitioner agency resulting in urgent actions. The study revealed that practitioners moved through a stage process in addressing the bind. As a consequence, practitioners found a change in agentic functioning and empathic connection to victimisation. The findings suggest that the victim-self is poorly understood psychologically. Furthermore, there is a gap in awareness about the potential for practitioners to contribute to victimisation and further reduce client agency. It further suggests that therapeutic practitioners require specific forms of supervision in order to manage and transform the impact upon them of victimisation. 2 Acknowledgements To my husband Paul for his love, steadfastness and belief in me. To my supervisors Dr Patricia Moran for her patient and attentive encouragement and Professor Vanja Orlans for her selfless ambition. To the research group for their generosity of spirit and courageous participation. To my clinical supervisor Paula Birmingham for her inspirational tenacity. Finally, to Dr Michael Carroll, a mentor and teacher, without whose generous support I would never have done this. 3 LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................................... 6 GLOSSARY ............................................................................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 1 ............................................................................................................................................ 8 1.0 INTRODUCING THE VICTIM-SELF .......................................................................................................8 1.1 FIRST CONTACT-SURVIVOR ................................................................................................................8 1.2 MY PRACTICE JOURNEY .....................................................................................................................8 1.3 THE VICTIM-SELF COMES FOR THERAPY ..........................................................................................11 1.4 EARLY THOUGHTS ABOUT RESEARCH ..............................................................................................12 1.5 BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY .....................................................................................................13 CHAPTER 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 14 2.0 THE VISIBLE VICTIM IN LITERATURE ................................................................................................14 2.1 ABUSE EFFECTS ................................................................................................................................14 2.4 COUNTERTRANSFERENCE (CT) .........................................................................................................17 2.8 THERAPEUTIC PRACTICE ISSUES ......................................................................................................20 2.10 THE VICTIM-SELF AND MY PRACTICE .............................................................................................24 2.11 CONCLUDING COMMENT ..............................................................................................................27 2.12 RESEARCHING AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS ..................................................................................27 CHAPTER 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 29 3.0 METHODOLOGY: DISCOVERING THE VICTIM-SELF THROUGH INQUIRY ..........................................29 3.1 RATIONALE .......................................................................................................................................29 3.2 TYPES OF ACTION RESEARCH ...........................................................................................................32 3.3 CHALLENGES OF CO-OPERATIVE INQUIRY .......................................................................................36 3.4 PILOT STUDY ....................................................................................................................................38 3.5 RESEARCH PLAN ...............................................................................................................................41 3.6 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS ..............................................................................................................46 3.7 ISSUES OF TRUSTWORTHINESS ........................................................................................................49 3.8 DATA ................................................................................................................................................52 3.9 DATA ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................................52 CHAPTER 4 .......................................................................................................................................... 58 4.0 THE PROJECT: DISCOVERING THE VICTIM-SELF ...............................................................................58 4.1 MEETING ONE ..................................................................................................................................58 4.2 MEETING TWO .................................................................................................................................60 4.3 MEETING THREE ..............................................................................................................................62 4.4 MEETING FOUR ................................................................................................................................63 4.5 EVALUATION ....................................................................................................................................64 4.6 ANALYSIS ..........................................................................................................................................65 4.7 CONSULTATION ...............................................................................................................................67 4.8 CONCEPTUALISING AND CONSTRUCTING THEORY .........................................................................69 CHAPTER 5 .......................................................................................................................................... 72 5.0 FINDINGS: MAKING SENSE OF THE VICTIM-SELF ............................................................................72 4 5.1 THE THEORY .....................................................................................................................................73 5.2 CATEGORY 1 THE BADGES OF VICTIMISATION ................................................................................77 5.3 CATEGORY 2 ALWAYS IN A BIND......................................................................................................86 5.4 CATEGORY 3 ADDRESSING THE BIND ON AGENCY ....................................................................... 100 5.5 THE CHANGES GENERATED THROUGH PARTICIPATIVE RESEARCHING ........................................ 114 5.6 THE INQUIRY GROUP AS LEARNING TOOL .................................................................................... 121 6.0 DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................................. 124 6.1 CONSTRUCTIONS OF VICTIMISATION ........................................................................................... 125 6.6 STRUGGLE