Through subtle shades of color, the cover design represents the layers of richness and diversity that flourish within minority communities. The Mellon Mays Undergraduate Fellowship Journal 2016 A collection of scholarly research by fellows of the Mellon Mays Undergraduate Fellowship Program Preface We are very pleased to share with you the 2016 edition of the Mellon Mays Undergraduate Fellowship Journal. Earl Lewis, president of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, stated that “intentional programs designed to promote diversity are needed to maximize the development of talent, encourage full participation, and secure the benefits of democracy. We remain committed to both diversity and democracy.”i This lofty objective is at the heart of the Mellon Mays Undergraduate Fellowship (MMUF) program, which aims to increase diversity in the faculty of higher edu- cation, specifically by supporting students from underrepresented minority groups in their goal of obtaining PhDs. With the MMUF journal, we further seek to introduce young students to academia through exposure to the pub- lishing experience, a critically important component of higher education. This experience offers an introduction to the journal submission process, including manuscript preparation and editor-guided revision of scholarly work for publication, and provides an audience for student work. For most students, this has been their first experience in publishing a scholarly article. The twenty-five scholars who contributed to this year’s journal come from seventeen colleges and universities that are part of the program’s member institutions. These students share with us a diverse range of scholarship, including research conducted under the MMUF program, introductions to senior theses, and analytical class essays. The papers presented here represent a wide diversity of subjects, from history to linguistics to gender studies, that reflect the full range of MMUF-supported disciplines. These authors have done more than just share their scholarship with us. They also challenge us to think critically and to broaden our perspective of the world. Through their work, we must confront challenging questions regarding race, gender and sexuality, patriarchy, and morality, as well as the intersection of these subjects. I have been impressed not only with the authors’ commitment to their academic work, but also by their passionate and fearless willingness to closely examine such challenging and important topics. It has been a sincere pleasure and opportunity to work with these students to prepare their papers for publication. I hope that they have learned as much from this process as I have. It is with great pride and excitement that we share their work with you. Elissa Krakauer Jacobs MMUF Journal Editor-in-Chief Preceptor in Expository Writing Harvard University i https://mellon.org/about/mission/ Editorial Board Gregory A. Llacer MMUF Journal Editorial Board Chair Director, Office of Undergraduate Research and Fellowships Harvard University Liza Cariago-Lo MMUF Journal Editorial Board Vice President for Academic Development, Diversity, and Inclusion Brown University Mary Laurita MMUF Journal Editorial Board Assistant Dean, College of Arts and Sciences Washington University in St. Louis Krishna Winston MMUF Journal Editorial Board Marcus L. Taft Professor of German Language and Literature Professor of German Studies Professor of Environmental Studies Wesleyan University Journal Administration Margot Hanson Vona Programs Manager, Research and Fellowships Harvard University MMUF Program / Mellon Foundation Armando Bengochea Program Officer and Director of MMUF The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Lee Bynum Senior Program Associate and Associate Director of MMUF The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation The Mellon Mays Undergraduate Fellowship Journal 2016 Table of Contents 3 47 Ariana Brazier, Spelman College Ahmad Greene-Hayes, Williams College Homelessness in Children’s Television: The Necessary Delinquent Black Women’s Legacies and Activisms: Filmic, Visual, and Vocal Sentenced to Social Death Anti-Rape Technologies Advisor/Mentor(s): Patricia Ventura, Stephen Knadler Advisor/Mentor(s): Rhon Manigault-Bryant, Joy James 7 53 Krystal Briggs, Brooklyn College, CUNY Gualberto (Wally) Guzman, University of Texas at Austin This Language Still Duh Gwine Down Yuh: TMA Markers A Survey of Automatic Annotation Methods and the Creole Origins of AAVE Advisor/Mentor(s): Dr. Barbara E. Bullock, Dr. Almeida J. Toribio Advisor/Mentor(s): Dr. Mark Patkowski 57 13 Lovia Gyarkye, Princeton University Sydney Brown, Smith College The Black Cosmopolitan: A Critical Examination of Cosmopolitanism Mass Effect as a Conduit: The Effect of Simulated Realities on and Exile in Teju Cole’s Open City Our Perception of Alien Individuals Advisor/Mentor(s): Simon Gikandi, Tracy K. Smith, Judith Weisenfeld, Advisor/Mentor(s): Professor Floyd Cheung, Provost Katherine Rowe, Khristina Gonzalez Professor Naomi Miller, Professor Daphne Lamothe 62 17 Tomoyo Joshi, Oberlin College Amanda Cabanilla, Whittier College A Native Feminist Theory Approach to Patricia Grace’s Tu: Form, Function, and Structure: Online Dating While Fat Heteropatriarchy, Nationhood, and the Trauma of Militarized Violence Advisor/Mentor(s): Rebecca Overmyer-Velázquez Advisor/Mentor(s): Jan Cooper, Afia Ofori-Mensa, Frank Kelderman 22 66 Walter G. Chacón, Bowdoin College Caroline Martínez, Bowdoin College A Case Study of the Experiences of Students of Color Formation of Female Indigenous Leaders in the Highlands of Ecuador at a Selective American Prep School Advisor/Mentor(s): Ingrid Nelson Advisor/Mentor(s): Craig McEwen, Nancy Riley 71 26 Iman Masmoudi, Harvard University Andrea Clark Gómez, University of Texas at Austin The Secular Speaks to the Sacred: The Challenges of Western-Islamic “Eso Ya No Se Consigue”: The Effects of Economic Shortages on Communicative Action in Politics of Piety Women’s Everyday Lives in Venezuela Advisor/Mentor(s): Bonnie Talbert Advisor/Mentor(s): Dr. Juliet Hooker, Dr. Jonathan Brown 76 31 Gissell Alexis Montoya, Bryn Mawr College Benjamin Diego, Stanford University “Denied Their Gender”: The Impact of Medical Tourism on Access to “Necessary Failures”: Reproducing Masculinity, Transgression, and Gender Reassignment Surgery by Kathoey Communities in Thailand Violence in Late-Medieval Male Pregnancy Narratives Advisor/Mentor(s): Carol Schilling, Megan Sands-Lincoln Advisor/Mentor(s): Elaine Treharne, Fiona Griffiths 81 36 Briana Payton, Princeton University Daniel Dominguez, Stanford University The Most Costly Gift: An Exploration of the Potential Risks and Rewards What Good Is It, Anyway? Moral Lessons from Literature in Cortázar’s of Double Consciousness and Second Sight in The Souls of Black Folk Rayuela by W.E.B. Du Bois Advisor/Mentor(s): Professor Vincent Barletta, Professor Joan Ramon Advisor/Mentor(s): Judith Weisenfeld, Eddlie Glaude Resina, Patricia Valderrama 86 40 Jocelyn Proietti, Smith College Cassandra Flores-Montaño, Wellesley College Towards a Black Women’s Romantic Ideology: Theorizing Black Women’s Mujeres en la Lucha: Health Activism and the Devaluation of Women’s Cultural Production in the 1980s/’90s Labor in the Brown Berets’ Free Clinic Advisor/Mentor(s): Daphne Lamothe, Kevin Quashie Advisor/Mentor(s): Irene Mata, Maria Josefina Saldaña-Portillo, David Rainbow 90 Lauren Richardson, University of Chicago 44 Moral Dilemmas and Modality in Kratzer’s Semantics: Thomas Ray Garcia, Princeton University Must “Ought” Imply “Can”? Introduction to “The Speculative Fiction of Jack London” Advisor/Mentor(s): Malte Willer Advisor/Mentor(s): Alfred Bendixen, Sarah Anderson 1 The Mellon Mays Undergraduate Fellowship Journal 2016 Table of Contents 95 109 Melissa Sarmiento, Cornell University Jiemin Tina Wei, Princeton University John Paul II and Political Catholicism in Chile Gender in Francis Bacon’s Philosophy of Science: Marriage, Procreation, Advisor/Mentor(s): Raymond Craib and Dominion Advisor/Mentor(s): Daniel Garber 100 Georgia Soares, University of Southern California 113 To See Is to Feel: Feminist Symbols of Perception in Woolf and Lispector Cary Allain Williams, Harvard University Advisor/Mentor(s): Elda Maria Roman, Beatrice Bennett On Becoming the Little Allain Girl, Introduction to “At Least We Have Our Name”: Free People of Color and the Struggle to Survive in 104 Antebellum Louisiana and Mississippi Jermaine Stewart Jr./Stewart-Webb, Grinnell College Advisor/Mentor(s): Timothy Patrick McCarthy, Glenda Carpio, Lynne Black Female Sexuality and Gender Subjectivity in Ballroom Culture: Feeley, Emily Owens Sexual Expression beyond Respectability Politics Advisor/Mentor(s): Shanna Greene Benjamin 2 Homelessness in Children’s Television: The Necessary Delinquent Sentenced to Social Death Ariana Brazier, Spelman College Ariana Brazier is a 2016 graduate of Spelman College. two such populations (Power 66). In this paper I analyze At Spelman, she studied English and developed an interest in Cartoon Network’s cartoon series Adventure Time (2010– the application of theory to real-world problems. Ariana is a present), Regular Show (2010–present), and The Amazing first-year English PhD student at the University of Pittsburgh. World of Gumball (2011–present). These shows have enjoyed long runs on television and have received the highest awards for television programing including Emmys, Peabodys, and Abstract Kids’ Choice Awards. I have chosen these shows largely because of their popularity amongst elementary-aged chil-