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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 7 6 -2 4 ,7 0 9 WILSON, Angene Hopkins, 1939- AWARENESS AS AIM AND PERSONS AS RESOURCES IN INTERCULTURAL SCHOOLING. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1976 Education, social sciences Xerox University Microfilms # Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 © 1976 ANGENE HOPKINS WILSON ALL RIGHTS RESERVED AWARENESS AS AIM AND PERSONS AS RESOURCES IN INTERCULTURAL SCHOOLING DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillm ent of the Requirement for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Angene Hopkins Wilson, B.A., M.A. * * * * The Ohio State University 1976 Reading Committee: Approved by Ojo Arewa Robert Jewett Paul Klohr w iser Humanities Education ii For My Family ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author is grateful to her committee: to Bob Jewett who took her into the social studies education program "off the street" in the fa ll of 1973 and who allowed her to be her own person; to Ojo Arewa who shared his enthusiasm for and knowledge of anthropology and Africa so generously; and to Paul Klohr whose reading lis t in curriculum was exciting even in the wee morning hours. The author is grateful to her Nigerian friends, especially Ojo Arewa and Ezekiel Oke, without whose help the mini-course on Yoruba culture would never have been possible and to her Linworth and Woodford students who participated so wholeheartedly in the mini-courses. Finally, the author is grateful to her family: to her husband whose support was crucial, to her daughters whose under­ standing was v ita l, and to her extended family whose encouragement was important. VITA January 3, 1939.......................................... Born - Cleveland, Ohio 1961 ............................................................... B.A., College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio 1961-1962 ...................................................... Teacher, Perry High School, Perry, Michigan 1962-1964 ...................................................... Teacher, Suehn Academy, Liberia 1966 ............................................................... M.A., Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 1966-1968 ...................................................... Lecturer, Catholic Teacher Training College, Bo, Sierra Leone 1970-1972 ...................................................... Lecturer, Corpus Christi Teacher Training College, Suva, F iji 1974-1975 ...................................................... Teaching Assistant, Social Studies Education, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1975-197 6 ...................................................... Instructor, Social Studies Education, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky iv PUBLICATIONS "Taking Tarzan out of Africa," Africa Report, May 1968. "The Image of Africa as Presented in American Textbooks 1800-1965," Negro History B ulletin, October 1968. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Education Studies in Social Studies Education. Professor Robert Jewett. Studies in Curriculum and Foundations. Professor Paul Klohr. Studies in Anthropology. Professor Ojo Arewa. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS........................................................................................ i i i VITA ............................................................................................................. iv LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................ v iii LIST.OF FIGURES........................................................................................ ix Chapter I. WHY INTERCULTURAL SCHOOLING? ......................................... 1 Introduction ....................................................................... 1 Intercultural Education .................................................. 4 Intercultural Schooling .................................................. 9 Purposes................................................................................ 12 Rationale................................................................................ 15 Teaching-Learning Activities ...................................... 20 I I . AN EVALUATION OF SELECTED CURRENT CURRICULA IN INTERCULTURAL SCHOOLING .............................................. 27 Intercultural Rationale .................................................. 35 Development of Ways of Thinking, Communicating, Behaving .............................................. 39 Discipline Orientation .................................................. 44 Provision for Student Participation ......................... 45 Provision for Evaluation .............................................. 47 Levels of Conceptualization .......................................... 48 Criteria for Selecting Instructional Packages. 51 Conclusions ........................................................................... 53 I I I . A PHILOSOPHY FOR INTERCULTURAL SCHOOLING ................. 61 IV. AWARENESS AS AIM, PERSONS AS RESOURCES: REPORT ON A MINI-COURSE FOR INTERCULTURAL SCHOOLING.................................................................................... 76 Linworth Alternative School .......................................... 79 Woodford County High School .......................................... 88 Conclusions ........................................................................... 102 vi vi i Page V. APPLICATIONS........................................ 106 A Model for Intercultural Experience in the Classroom..................................................... 106 Examples of the Model............................... 113 A Thai Experience for American Students. 114 A Black American Experience for White American Students ................................... 116 An American Experience for F iji Islanders. 118 Intercultural Schooling forTeachers .... 120 APPENDIX A ................................................................................. 133 B ................................................................................. 137 C ................................................................................. 142 BIBLIOGRAPHY......................................................................... 149 LIS T OF TABLES Page TABLE 1. Criteria for Evaluating Intercultural Materials................................................................................ 32 TABLE 2. Levels of Conceptualization in Intercultural Curricula ................................................... 33 TABLE 3. Criteria for the Selection of Instructional Packages ................................................... 34 TABLE 4. Hierarchy of Intercultural Experience .................... 128 vi i i LIST OF FIGURES Page FIGURE 1. A Model for Intercultural Experience in the Classroom........................................................... 107 ix CHAPTER I. WHY INTERCULTURAL SCHOOLING? "He who has not visited other villages will think only his mother's cooking is sweet." - African proverb INTRODUCTION The following three vignettes are meant to set the scene for a study of intercultural schooling as a part of intercultural education. Ball ah switches on his tiny radio and holds i t close to his right ear. ELBC, Liberian Broadcasting Corporation, reports: President Tolbert w ill return today from an upcountry meeting in Voinjama. Fighting continues in Beirut, Lebanon. A woman attempted to assassinate President Ford yesterday. "Eh yah," thinks Ballah. "There are crazy people in America." He switches o ff the radio. The late afternoon is hot and dry. The red dust on the road rises in l i t t l e clouds as a truck races by on the road below the school compound.