The American Mosque 2020: Growing and Evolving Report 1 of the US Mosque Survey 2020: Basic Characteristics of the American Mosque Dr. Ihsan Bagby Research Team Dr. Ihsan Bagby, Primary Investigator and Report Table of Contents Author Research Advisory Committee Dr. Ihsan Bagby, Associate Professor of Islamic Introduction ......................................................... 3 Studies, University of Kentucky Dalia Mogahed, Director of Research, ISPU Major Findings ..................................................... 4 Dr. Besheer Mohamed, Senior Researcher, Pew Research Center Dr. Scott Thumma, Professor of Sociology of Mosque Essential Statistics ................................ 7 Religion, Hartford Seminary Number of Mosques .............................................. 7 Dr. Shariq Siddiqui, Director, Muslim Philanthropy Initiative, Indiana University Location of Mosques ............................................. 8 Riad Ali, President and Founder, American Muslim Mosque Buildings .................................................. 9 Research and Data Center Dr. Zahid Bukhari, Director, ICNA Council for Social Year Mosque Moved to Its Present Location ........ 10 Justice City/Neighborhood Resistance to Mosque Development ....................................... 10 ISPU Publication Staff Mosque Concern for Security .............................. 11 Dalia Mogahed, Director of Research Erum Ikramullah, Research Project Manager Mosque Participants ......................................... 12 Katherine Coplen, Director of Communications Rebecka Green, Communications & Creative Media Jum’ah Attendance Numbers .............................. 12 Specialist Total Number of Mosque Participants .................. 13 Conversions to Islam ........................................... 13 For more information about the study, please visit: Mosque Ethnicity ................................................. 14 http://www.ispu.org/mosque-survey Age Groups of Mosque Participants .................... 15 Mosque Attendees with Special Needs ................ 16 Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge our generous Mosque Administration ..................................... 16 supporters whose contributions made this report The Imam ............................................................ 16 possible. Mosque Governing Structures ............................. 20 Mosque Conflict .................................................. 24 SUGGESTED CITATION: Bagby, Ihsan. June 2021. Mosque Staff ....................................................... 24 The American Mosque 2020: Growing and Evolving Mosque Income .................................................. 25 Report 1 of the US Mosque Survey 2020: Basic Characteristics of the American Mosque. The Institute for Social Policy and Understanding. Shi’ite Mosques: Basic Characteristics ............ 26 The American Mosque 2020: Growing and Evolving Report 1 of the US Mosque Survey 2020: Basic Characteristics of the American Mosque Introduction The US Mosque Survey 2020 is a comprehensive sta- Justice, Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR), tistical study of mosques located in the United States. and Hartford Institute for Religion Research (Hartford The US Mosque Survey is an ongoing decadal survey Seminary). which was conducted previously in 2000 and 2010. This report will occasionally include results from a 1994 The lead researcher for the Mosque Survey is Dr. Ihsan survey which was conducted by the Islamic Resource Bagby. The Research Committee for the Mosque Survey Center, using the same methodology as the US Mosque includes: Surveys. Ihsan Bagby, Associate Professor of Islamic Studies, University of Kentucky The purpose of the US Mosque Survey is to conduct a Dalia Mogahed, Director of Research, ISPU scientific study that will generate accurate information Besheer Mohamed, Senior Researcher, Pew about most aspects of the American mosque. The goal Research Center is to provide a detailed portrait of the American mosque Scott Thumma, Professor of Sociology of Religion, to dispel misconceptions and to help mosque leaders Hartford Seminary and participants better understand their mosque, hope- Shariq Siddiqui, Director, Muslim Philanthropy fully leading to improvements. Initiative, Indiana University Riad Ali, President and Founder, American Muslim All of the US Mosque Surveys (2000, 2010, and 2020) Research and Data Center were conducted in collaboration with a larger study Zahid Bukhari, Director, ICNA Council for Social of American congregations called Faith Communities Justice Today (FACT), which is a project of the Cooperative Congregational Studies Partnership (CCSP), a multi-faith Research Methodology. The first phase of the Mosque coalition of numerous denominations and faith groups, Survey was a count of all mosques, which was con- headquartered at Hartford Seminary. The strategy of ducted from June to November 2019. Starting from the FACT is to develop a common questionnaire and then 2010 mosque database, an initial internet search was have the member faith groups use that questionnaire to conducted to verify mosques, identify new mosques, conduct a survey of their respective congregations. The and eliminate mosques that no longer exist. This in- US Mosque Surveys took the FACT common question- ternet search depended primarily on the excellent da- naire and modified it to fit the mosque context. tabases found on the websites of Muslim Guide and Salatomatic. Mosques were verified via the mosques’ The primary sponsors of the US Mosque Survey 2020 websites, Google Maps, and a phone call. The inter- include many organizations: Islamic Society of North net search resulted in an initial count of 2948. After the America (ISNA), Center on Muslim Philanthropy, Institute internet search, a first-class (address correction) letter for Social Policy and Understanding (ISPU), and the and a short questionnaire were sent to all the mosques. Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies Various options for completing the questionnaire were (ASARB). Other important supporters include Intuitive offered, including an online version. Of the 2948 mail- Solutions, International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT), ings, 164 responses were received—a 5.5% response Islamic Circle of North America’s Council for Social rate. This low response rate is the rationale for not The American Mosque 2020: Growing and Evolving; US Mosque Survey 2020 Report 1: Basic Characteristics of the American Mosque 3 depending on an online version for the comprehensive The results of the US Mosque Survey 2020 are divided survey. Returned mail was checked with Google Maps into two reports. Report 1 focuses on essential statis- and a general internet search. The final result was a tics, mosque participants, mosque administration, and count of 2769 mosques. the basic characteristics of Shi’ite mosques. Report 2 focuses on Islamic approaches in understanding Islam, The second phase was the comprehensive survey con- perspectives of mosque leaders on American society, ducted via telephone interview of a mosque leader using mosque activities, women in the mosque, and the per- a long questionnaire. The comprehensive survey en- spectives and activities of Shi’ite mosques. tailed a random sampling from the list of 2769 mosques. To achieve the goal of a margin of error of +/- 5%, 337 The results recorded in the two reports include both questionnaires had to be completed. The sample of Sunni and Shi’ite mosques. A separate section on Shi’ite mosques was stratified by state, such that each state mosques is included in both reports. had a set number of mosques for which the question- naire had to be completed. The Mosque Survey random- Note: Percentages throughout this report may not total ly sampled 700 mosques, and 470 questionnaires were 100% due to rounding. completed, fulfilling the target for each state. The work of completing the questionnaires started in November 2019 and ended in October 2020. The COVID-19 crisis made the task of finding a mosque leader more difficult; Major Findings thus, completion of the survey was delayed. The Number of Mosques Continues to Grow The results of the US Mosque Survey are all pre-COVID. • In 2020, the US Mosque Survey counted 2769 Thus, interviewers asked the mosque leaders about mosques, which is a 31% increase from the 2010 the situation of their mosques before the outbreak of count of 2106 mosques. Undoubtedly, the primary COVID-19. driving force for the increase of mosques is the steady expansion of the population of Muslims in For the Mosque Survey, mosques were defined as a America due to immigration and birth rate. Muslim organization that organizes Jum’ah prayer, con- • Mosques are becoming more suburban as major ducts other Islamic activities, and controls the space in declines occurred in the number of mosques which activities are held. This definition would include located in towns/small cities and in downtown “musallas’’ which have an organization that does more areas of large cities. Mosques in towns/small than just conduct Jum’ah prayers. This definition ex- cities decreased from 20% in 2010 to 6% in 2020. cludes those places where only Jum’ah prayer is held, The apparent cause is the dwindling population like a hospital or airport. Some Shi’ite religious organiza- of Muslims in these towns/small cities due to the tions do not hold Jum’ah prayer due the absence of a drying up of jobs in these areas and the moves of resident scholar or because they consider themselves