MASARYK UNIVERSITY Faculty of Education Department of English Language and Literature Terminology of Distributed Generation of Power: Analysis Bachelor thesis Mgr. Petra Němcová Supervisor: Mgr. Radek Vogel, Ph.D. Brno, 25th November 2012 Declaration I hereby declare that I worked on my thesis independently and that I used only the sources listed in the bibliography. 2 Acknowledgements I would like to thank Mgr. Radek Vogel, Ph.D. for his valuable help and advice with which he provided me during my work on this bachelor thesis. 3 Contents 1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................... 5 1.1 AIMS OF THE THESIS ........................................................................................................................... 5 1.2 STRUCTURE AND METHODOLOGY OF THE THESIS.................................................................................. 6 2 THEORETICAL PART.......................................................................................................................... 7 2.1 BASIC TERMS OF LEXICOLOGY ............................................................................................................ 7 2.2 LEXICOLOGY AND TERMINOLOGY ....................................................................................................... 7 2.3 TREATMENT OF SYNONYMY, POLYSEMY AND HOMONYMY IN LEXICOGRAPHY AND TERMINOGRAPHY... 10 2.3.1 Synonymy................................................................................................................................. 11 2.4 WORD-FORMATION PROCESSES......................................................................................................... 11 2.5 COMPOUNDING IN ENGLISH .............................................................................................................. 13 2.5.1 Classification of compounds in English .................................................................................... 13 3 PRACTICAL PART ............................................................................................................................. 16 3.1 WHAT IS DISTRIBUTED GENERATION OF POWER?................................................................................ 16 3.1.1 Definition of distributed generation of power............................................................................ 18 3.1.2 Terms used to describe small-scale generation ......................................................................... 18 3.1.2.1 Embedded and dispersed generation..................................................................................................... 19 3.1.2.2 Decentralised generation ..................................................................................................................... 19 3.1.2.3 Decentralised energy ........................................................................................................................... 20 3.1.2.4 Distributed energy............................................................................................................................... 21 3.1.2.5 On-site generation ............................................................................................................................... 21 3.1.2.6 Microgeneration.................................................................................................................................. 21 3.1.3 Degree of synonymy among the terms....................................................................................... 21 3.1.4 European Union terminology ................................................................................................... 23 3.1.5 International Energy Agency terminology................................................................................. 23 3.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF DISTRIBUTED-GENERATION TERMINOLOGY ...................................................... 24 3.2.1 Types of compounds found in the analysed texts........................................................................ 26 3.2.1.1 Neoclassical compounds...................................................................................................................... 26 3.2.1.2 Compound adjectives .......................................................................................................................... 27 3.2.1.2.1 Noun + adjective compound adjectives........................................................................................... 27 3.2.1.2.1.1 Noun (or compound noun) + past participle compound adjectives ............................................ 28 3.2.1.2.2 Phrasal compound adjectives.......................................................................................................... 31 3.2.1.2.3 Preposition + noun compound adjectives........................................................................................ 31 3.2.1.2.4 Verb + particle compound adjectives.............................................................................................. 32 3.2.1.2.5 Adjective + noun compound adjectives .......................................................................................... 32 3.2.1.2.6 Noun + noun compound adjectives................................................................................................. 33 3.2.1.2.7 Adjective + adjective compound adjectives .................................................................................... 33 3.2.1.3 Compound nouns ................................................................................................................................ 34 3.2.1.3.1 Noun + noun compound nouns....................................................................................................... 34 3.2.1.3.2 Adjective + noun compound nouns................................................................................................. 34 3.2.1.3.3 Adjective + progressive participle compound nouns........................................................................ 34 3.2.1.3.4 Compound nouns in attributive position ......................................................................................... 35 3.3 CLARIFICATION OF SOME CONFUSING TERMS ..................................................................................... 35 3.4 DIFFERENCES AND LEXICAL GAPS IN CZECH TERMINOLOGY ............................................................... 39 4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS..................................................................................................... 40 BIBLIOGRAPHY......................................................................................................................................... 42 GLOSSARY OF TERMS FOUND IN THE LITERATURE 4 1 Introduction The bachelor thesis deals with the topic of terminology in the field of distributed generation of power. Distributed generation of power is one of the terms widely used to name a recent trend towards small-scale and decentralised power generation. This growing tendency could be perceived as a paradigmatic change in the power industry as well as among the consumers reacting to new energy security challenges. Consequently, the specific terminology has not been fully stabilized. This presents us with an opportunity to study the terminology in its development; particularly as far as any differences in usage among various energy-related institutions (namely the European Union energy policy, the International Energy Agency) are concerned. 1.1 Aims of the thesis The objective of the thesis is to analyse the terminology of distributed generation of power in selected samples of literature dealing with the topic. The chosen texts come from scholarly journals (namely Electric Power Systems Research and Journal of Power Sources) and a technical publication Embedded Generation. Other analysed texts are official documents of institutions which have a substantial influence on world energy policies, i.e. the International Energy Agency and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (a document called Distributed Generation in Liberalised Electricity Markets), and the European Union (two publications; firstly, Decentralised Generation Technologies: Potentials, Success Factors and Impacts in the Liberalised EU Energy Markets, and secondly, a document called Decentralised Energy Systems). The distributed-generation terminology has been chosen because it has not been studied in the Czech Republic. The thesis can therefore serve professionals in the fields of power generation, distributed-generation technologies, economics and other related areas, as well as general public since it attempts to clarify some commonly confused terms. The aims of the analysis itself are as follows: firstly, to explain what distributed generation of power is and briefly describe its terminology; secondly, to determine the degree of synonymity and semantic differences between distributed generation of power and other terms that have been coined to capture the shift towards small-scale power generation. Third goal of the thesis is to compare terminologies used by the European Union and the International Energy Agency, comment on any differences in usage and relate the 5 terminologies to the terminology used within the concept of smart grids. The thesis then focuses on the types of compounds found in the selected samples of literature, clarifies some commonly confused terms and attempts to ascertain whether