RAIN – Risk Analysis of Infrastructure Networks in Response to Extreme Weather Project Reference: 608166 FP7-SEC-2013-1 Impact of extreme weather on critical infrastructure Project Duration: 1 May 2014 – 30 April 2017 Security Sensitivity Committee Deliverable Evaluation Deliverable Reference D 2.2 version 2.0 final Deliverable Name Past cases of Extreme Weather Impact on Critical Infrastructure in Europe Contributing Partners ESSL as correspondence author Date of Submission 2015-02-28 Evaluation is based on version 1.0 dated 2015-03-19 of the proposal for the SSC evaluation: • The content is not related to general project management • The content is not related to general outcomes as dissemination and communication • The content is related to critical infrastructure vulnerability or sensitivity • The content is publicly available or commonly known • The content does not add new information on vulnerabilities, sensitivities or incident scenario’s on specific objects or transport systems or assets in general • There are no uncertainties that need to be discussed with a NSA Diagram path: 1-2-3-4-5.1-5.2-9. Therefor the evaluation is: Public. Decision of Evaluation Public Confidential Restricted Evaluator Name P.L. Prak, MSSM Evaluator Signature Date of Evaluation 2015-05-22 This project has receiveD funDing from the European Union’s Seventh FrameworK Programme for research, technological Development anD Demonstration unDer grant agreement no 608166 RAIN – Risk Analysis of Infrastructure Networks in Response to Extreme Weather Project Reference: 608166 FP7-SEC-2013-1 Impact of extreme weather on critical infrastructure Project Duration: 1 May 2014 – 30 April 2017 Past Cases of Extreme Weather Impact on Critical Infrastructure in Europe Authors Pieter Groenemeijer* (ESSL) Ilari Lehtonen (FMI) Nico Becker (FU-Berlin) Hanna Mäkelä (FMI) Matilda Djidara (GDG) Oswaldo Morales Napoles (TU-Delft) Kenneth Gavin (GDG) Katrin Nissen (FU-Berlin) Timo Hellenberg (Hellenberg) Dominik Paprotny (TU-Delft) Alois M. Holzer (ESSL) Peter Prak (PSJ) Ilkka Juga (FMI) Tomáš Púčik (ESSL) Pauli Jokinen (FMI) Lars Tijssen (ESSL) Kirsti Jylhä (FMI) Andrea Vajda (FMI) *Correspondence author: Dr. Pieter Groenemeijer, European Severe Storms Laboratory e.V. c/o DLR Institute for Atmospheric Physics, Münchner Str. 20, Geb. 20, 82234 Wessling, Germany, [email protected], +49 151 59031839 Date: 23/04/2015 Dissemination level: (PU, PP, RE, CO): PU This project has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no 608166 D2.2 List of Past Cases DOCUMENT HISTORY Index Date Author(s) Main modifications 0.0 16 January 2015 Pieter Groenemeijer* (ESSL), First Draft, compiled from contributions. Nico Becker (FU-Berlin), Matilda Djidara (GDG), Kenneth Gavin (GDG), Timo Hellenberg (Hellenberg), Alois M. Holzer (ESSL), Ilkka Juga (FMI), Pauli Jokinen (FMI), Kirsti Jylhä (FMI), Ilari Lehtonen (FMI), Hanna Mäkelä (FMI), Oswaldo Morales Napoles (TU-Delft), Katrin Nissen (FU-Berlin), Dominik Paprotny (TU-Delft), Peter Prak (PSJ), Tomáš Púčik (ESSL), Lars Tijssen (ESSL), Andrea Vajda (FMI) 1.0 25 February 2015 “ Second Draft, improved after round of feedback. 2.0 23 April 2015 “ Final version, improved after project internal review, ready for submission to Commission. Document Name: Past Impacts of Extreme Weather Impact on Critical Infrastructure in Europe (List of Past Cases) Work Package: 2 Task: 2.1 Deliverable: 2.2 Deliverable scheduled date 28 February 2014 Responsible Partner: ESSL 2 D2.2 List of Past Cases Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................... 7 2. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 8 3. List of Past Cases ........................................................................................................................... 10 3.1 Windstorms ........................................................................................................................... 11 3.1.1 Windstorms Lothar and Martin, Western Europe, December 1999 ............................. 11 3.1.2 Windstorm Kyrill, West, Central and East Europe, January 2007 ................................. 14 3.2 Heavy rainfall and flash floods .............................................................................................. 17 3.2.1 Flash flood, Berlin, 4 August 2013 ................................................................................. 17 3.2.2 Flash flood, Madeira, 20 February 2010 ....................................................................... 18 3.2.1 Flash flood, Grand-Bornand (Haute-Savoie), 14 July 1987............................................ 23 3.3 Landslides .............................................................................................................................. 27 3.3.1 Landslides, Scotland, August 2004 ................................................................................ 27 3.3.2 Landslide, Switzerland, 13 August 2014 ........................................................................ 28 3.3.3 Landslide, Croatia, 12 September 2014 ........................................................................ 29 3.4 River floods ............................................................................................................................ 30 3.4.1 River floods, England, 2007 ........................................................................................... 30 3.4.2 River floods, Central Europe, May and June 2013 ........................................................ 34 3.4.3 River flood, Dublin-Belfast railway, 21 August 2009 ..................................................... 37 3.5 Thunderstorm gusts .............................................................................................................. 38 3.5.1 Convective windstorm, Northrhine-Westphalia (Germany), 9 June 2014 .................... 38 3.6 Tornado ................................................................................................................................. 43 3.6.1 Tornado outbreak, South Poland, 15 August 2008 ....................................................... 43 3.7 Hail ......................................................................................................................................... 47 3.7.1 Hail, Stuttgart (Germany), 15 August 1972 ................................................................... 47 3.8 Lightning ................................................................................................................................ 49 3.8.1 Lightning, Jistebnik (Czech Republic), 2009 ................................................................... 49 3.9 Snow and snow storms ......................................................................................................... 51 3.9.1 Heavy snowfall, Helsinki metropolitan area, 17 March 2005 ....................................... 51 3.9.2 Snow storm, South and central Finland, 23-24 November 2008 .................................. 55 3.9.3 Heavy snow loading, Finland, 31 October – 1 November 2001 .................................... 58 3.10 Freezing rain .......................................................................................................................... 64 3.10.1 Freezing rain, Slovenia, 31 January – 3 February 2014 ................................................. 64 3 D2.2 List of Past Cases 3.11 Wildfire .................................................................................................................................. 68 3.11.1 Wildfire event in Västmanland, Sweden, 31 July 2014 - 11 September 2014 .............. 68 3.12 Coastal Flood ......................................................................................................................... 72 3.12.1 Storm surge with coastal flood, France, February 2010 ............................................... 72 4. Synthesis of stakeholder interviews and past cases ..................................................................... 78 4.1 Stakeholder interviews .......................................................................................................... 78 4.2 Impact of the various extreme weather phenomena ........................................................... 79 4.3 Impact of wind storms ........................................................................................................... 81 4.3.1 Affected sectors ............................................................................................................. 81 4.3.2 Impacts .......................................................................................................................... 81 4.3.3 Preventive and response measures .............................................................................. 82 4.4 Impact of thunderstorm gusts ............................................................................................... 83 4.4.1 Affected sectors ............................................................................................................. 83 4.4.2 Impacts .......................................................................................................................... 83 4.4.3 Preventive and response measures .............................................................................