Yearbook of the International Association for Aesthetics Proceedings of the Bologna Conference, June 2012 NATURE AND THE CITY BEAUTY IS TAKING ON NEW FORM Edited by Jale Erzen and Raffaele Milani International Association for Aesthetics Association Internationale d'Esthétique Editors: Jale N. Erzen Raffaele Milani International Yearbook of Aesthetics Volume 17 2013 Yearbook of the International Association for Aesthetics Proceedings of the Bologna Conference, June 2012 NATURE AND THE CITY BEAUTY IS TAKING ON NEW FORM Edited by Jale Erzen and Raffaele Milani NATURE AND THE CITY. BEAUTY IS TAKING ON NEW FORM Edited by Jale Erzen and Raffaele Milani With the support of Laboratory for Research on the City (University of Bologna) International Association for Aesthetics Department of Education Sciences "Giovanni Maria Bertin", University of Bologna Grafica: Roberto Satta, docente Accademia di Belle Arti “Mario Sironi” Sassari Copertina: Alessio Angioni, Accademia di Belle Arti “Mario Sironi” Sassari Impaginazione: Accademia di Belle Arti “Mario Sironi” Sassari, allievi corso di Grafica Editoriale 2012-2013 Allegato alla rivista n°22 - Luglio/dicembre 2012 Stampa: TAS srl - Industria Grafica EDIZIONE EDES, EDITRICE DEMOCRATICA SARDA PIAZZALE ANTONIO SEGNI, 1 - 07100 SASSARI TEL. 079 262221 - FAX 079 5623669 - WWW.EDESEDITRICE.COM IN CO-PRODUZIONE CON ACCADEMIA DI BELLE ARTI “MARIO SIRONI”, SASSARI Index Preface by Raffaele Milani 12 Editorial – Introduction by Jale Erzen 15 Introduction by Joseph Margolis The Art of Landscape Reconceived 21 I - CITY AND NATURE IN HISTORICAL EXAMPLES Gao Jianping The Origin of Particular Characters of A City 35 Haruhiko Fujita Nature and Architecture: in the City of God and the Land of the Gods 37 B. Deniz Çalış Kural Real and Imaginary Paradise(s) on Earth: Manifestations of Nature in Islamic Cities 49 II - WORLD-CITIES-SOCIETIES AND LANDSCAPES Patricia Lawler Sex and the City: The Rebirth of London and the Romance of Finance 61 Mark Haywood Taming and simulating Nature in an African Metropolis 73 INDEX Rıfat Şahiner Istanbul as a Stage/Landscape in the Process of Globalization 81 Lydia Muthuma Nairobi’s Identity 89 Paul Cortois Cities as Individual Essences - Lisbon’s Pessoas 97 III - URBAN LANDSCAPE AND NATURE Krystyna Wilkoszewska Nature in the City. The Natural and the Artefactual 113 Vladimir Mako City, Landscape, Nature: Characters in the Aesthetic Scene of Cultivation 123 Justine Balibar The Natural Landscape Distant from the City, between Exclusion and Integration 133 Liu Yuedi Humanization-Culturalization of Nature and Chinese Everyday Aesthetics 141 Paola Ardizzola d’Oltremare The Definition of the Green as “Outside Living Space” by Bruno Taut: an Innovative Means for Shaping the Social Housing of the ‘20-’30 in Berlin 155 INDEX IV - GARDEN AND NATURE IN THE CITY Curtis Carter Garden: Nature/City 167 Tae-seung Lim Nature in the City: A Study on the Aesthetic Characteristic of East Asian Land scape Garden and its Practical Application to Urban Life 181 Helena Camara Lacé Brandao Porch or Garden: Contemporary Habits at the City of Rio de Janeiro to have Contact to the Nature at Home Security 191 Bruce Elder Garden Thoughts (On Filming the Garden): Memorial Reflections after my Film, What Troubles the Peace at Brandenburg? 199 Masahiro Hamashita The Possibility of Contemplation in Postmodern City Life 205 V - CITY AND NATURE IN PHILOSOPHICAL DISCOURSE Tom Rockmore Remarks on Human Flourishing, Nature and Culture 215 Seunghye Sun Confucian Scholars’ Aesthetical Experience in Hometown: Nine-Twist Views and Songs of Landscape in Korean Art 225 Katya Mandoki Naturing Culture: Echoes of Mind, Nature and City 229 Mara Rubene Kant’s City? Some Preliminary Reflections on Landscape and its Aesthetic Context 237 INDEX VI - METAPHYSICAL ASPECTS OF URBAN EXPERIENCE Annu Wilenius - Tanja Rajanti Travels in Time, Space and Intensity 249 Anthony Santora The City: a Place of Places 261 Claudio Sgarbi The Female Body of the City? Notes on Cities and Metaphors 267 VII - ART RELATED TO NATURE AND THE CITY Mary Wiseman Reflections on Violence in Nature and Stillness in Art. An Essay in Several Parts 285 Hidemichi Tanaka Nature and the City in Hokusai Landscapes 293 Andrea Baldini Public Art and the Meaning of Landscapes 299 Tanja Plesivcnik Enviromental Art and Appreciation of the Environment 309 Yanqin Meng The Paradise in Heart 319 INDEX VIII - CITY AS AESTHETIC OBJECT - CITY AS NATURE Alan Shear Cityscape as Aesthetic Object. World Heritage Site Urban Vistas and Aesthetic Experience 325 Peng Feng Is It Possible for Environmental Aesthetics to Take a “Transhuman Stance”? 339 Ebru Salah “Sayfiye”: Reconceptualizing the Transformation of Nature into the City on the Anatolian Side of Istanbul 347 Olivier Gaudin City as Nature: Urban Ecology and the Frames of Perception 361 Claudia Portioli The World in a Skyscraper. Space, Function and Cultures 373 Aléxia Bretas Paris, Capital of the 19th Century: Passages between Nature and History in Walter Benjamin 385 Joosik Min City and Geomancy: Interpretation of Capital City Seoul from Fengshui Theory 395 IX - ECOLOGICAL AND AESTHETIC CONCERN Gabriele Bersa Megalopolis and Globalization 409 Silvia Minichino Is Energy-Landscape a Useful Theoretical Tool for Thinking about Sprawl-City in Energy Transition? 415 INDEX Hülya Toksöz Şahiner The Working City as an Environmental Experience: the Case of Istanbul 427 Andreina Maahesen Milan “The Garden of Eden”. Gartenstadt, Social Reformism and the Cult of Soil 435 X - THE SOCIAL ASPECTS OF THE CITY Eva Man Fashion, Female Body Aesthetics and the Colonial City of Hong Kong in the 1960s 449 Zoltán Somhegyi From Domination to Respect. The Evaluation of Nature through its Representation From Enlightenment to Romanticism 457 BIOGRAPHIES 463 NATURE AND THE CITY BEAUTY IS TAKING ON NEW FORM PREFACE Raffaele Milani We present, in this volume, the official documents of the international convention entitled “Nature and the City. Beauty is Taking on New Form” that was held in Bologna in June of 2012 with the sponsorship of the Laboratory for Research on the City, the ISS, the University of Bologna, the International Association for Aesthetics, and the Italian Society for Aesthetics. The city, too, is landscape. We can leave it by going into nature, thereby exchanging the urban for the rural, but we can also enter the city to live within its architecture and contemplate its forms. Every architectural structure is a landscape and each promotes an educational or paedeumatic relationship between the spirit and the environment. Our gaze and our bodies activate a certain way of contemplating that promotes the interchange between the external perception of the physical world and an internal seeing. This internal seeingis the psychic perception of the visual image. There is a close relationship be- tween the aesthetic experience of the natural environment and that of the urban land- scape. In the same way that humankind lives on the earth so, too, it lives in the city. The theme has been approached from various aesthetic perspectives: art, architec- ture, urban studies, philosophy, sociology, literature. Observing the landscape and city has inspired not only architects, but also many writers and painters to immerse them- selves in a vision that amalgamates the world of reality with that of dreams. The forms of places, whether at daybreak or dusk, the alternation of day and night as well as the cycle of the seasons, have promoted a visionary sense of time and place. Here we find the splendor of the eternal flux of all things, a thought expressed across the many lan- guages. People perceive the world as a common world, and simultaneously, as theirown private world. People are the artificers of things that occur in the world. The external and the interior worlds collide and the intervention of the senses involves the dynamism of reason in a continuous process of exchange between the real and the ideal. The Coference has considered the idea of the forms of the city in comparison with the las- cape and with nature. The range of papers on subjects such as City and Nature in His- torical Examples, World-Cities-Societies and Landscapes, Urban Landscape andNature, Garden and Nature in the City, City and Nature in Philosophical Dis- course,Metaphysical Aspects of Urban Experience, Art related to Nature and the City, City as Aesthetic Object - City as Nature, Ecological and Aesthetic Concern, The Social 13 RAFFAELE MILANI Aspects of the City, according to various case studies will reflect a strong interdisci- plinary ethos. After the death of the aura in art, and the following success of shock, provocation and the incessant pursuit of the new, the city is broken apart and begins to open new visions and perceptions of space and the environment. During the Twentieth Century we have been present for a great transformation. Now from the meglopoliesofthe world come many questions about how we can live on the earth. This convention attempts to examine the current situation in the hopes of forming a plan for the immediate future. 14 EDITORIAL - INTRODUCTION Jale Nejdet Erzen Bologna, this most wonderful and pleasant of cities is the perfect place to talk about city and nature. Bologna’s history is a chronicle of trials to adapt to the times and to new industries without eliminating nature. This has taken on many forms, like the arcades, the hidden gardens in the core of the urban fabric, and de- signing nature, adorning streets with magnolia and jinseng trees and seeing to it that the wild prunes shed their pink flowers under your feet on the pavements in May. These trees later turn a deep magenda which I am sure was also designed for their matching color with the ochres and sienas of the buildings. Every detail is designed according to its colour harmony with nature and its complementing atmosphere with the florid forms. The theme of nature and environment has been on the agenda since about three decades.