Common Polyatomic Ions by Charge and Ion Family Functional Groups +1 Charge -1 Charge -2 Charge -3 Charge H + - 2- 3- | Ammonium NH4 Dihydrogen phosphite H2PO3 Hydrogen phosphite HPO3 Phosphite PO3 R—OH Alcohol 1° H—C—R + - 2- 3- Hydronium H3O Dihydrogen phosphate H2PO4 Hydrogen phosphate HPO4 Phosphate PO4 | - 2- 3- H Hydrogen carbonate HCO Carbonate CO Hypophosphite PO 3 3 2 - 2- 3- H Ammonia NH3 Hydrogen sulfite HSO3 Sulfite SO3 Arsenite AsO3 R | - 2- 3- | Hydrogen sulfate HSO Sulfate SO Arsenate AsO Amine 2° H—C—R 4 4 4 R—N—R - 2- | Nitrite NO2 Thiosulfate S2O3 - 2- R’ Nitrate NO3 Silicate SIO3 -4 Charge H - 2- 4- Hydroxide OH Carbide C2 Pyrophosphate P2O7 | R—O—R C - 2- Ether 3° R”—C—R Acetate CH3COO Oxalate C2O4 - 2- | Chromite CrO2 Chromate CrO4 R’ - 2- Cyanide CN Dichromate Cr2O7 H R’” - 2- O Cyanate CNO Tartrate C4H4O6 || | - 2- Aldehyde 4° R”—C—R Thiocyanate CNS Molybdate MoO R—C—H 4 | E - 2- Superoxide O2 Peroxide O2 R’ - 2- Permanganate MnO Disulfide S 4 2 O R - 2- Amide n-butyl M Hypochlorite ClO Oxalate C2O4 || | - R—C—N—R R Chlorite ClO2 - Chlorate ClO3 Strong Acids and Bases O I - Carboxylic Acid iso-butyl Perchlorate ClO4 Acids Bases || R Hypobromite BrO- Hydrochloric Acid HCl Lithium Hydroxide LiOH R—C—OH S - Bromite BrO2 Hydrobromic Acid HBr Sodium Hydroxide NaOH O - Ester || sec-butyl Bromate BrO3 Hydroiodic Acid HI Potassium Hydroxide KOH R—C—O—R R Perbromate BrO - Nitric Acid HNO Rubidium Hydroxide RbOH T 4 3 - Hypoiodite IO Sulfuric Acid H2SO4 Cesium Hydroxide CsOH O - Ketone || tert-butyl Iodite IO2 Perchloric Acid HClO4 *Calcium Hydroxide Ca(OH)2 R—C—R - R R Iodate IO3 *Strontium Hydroxide Sr(OH)2 - Periodate IO4 *Barium Hydroxide Ba(OH)2 - Fundamental Constants Y Aluminate AlO2 - 1 amu -27 Azide N = 1.66053873 x 10 kg 3 Atomic mass unit (amu) 23 - = 6.02214199 x 10 amu Benzoate C6H5COO 1 kg Conversion Factors & SI Units Avogadro’s number N = 6.02214199 x 1023 mol-1 A Length Temperature Energy Pressure Volume Mass Geometric -11 3 (m) (K) (J) (Pa) (m ) (kg) Relationships Bohr radius a0 = 5.29177211 x 10 m 2 2 2 1 m = 1.0936 yd 0 K = -273.15 °C 1 J = 1 kg ! m / s 1 Pa = 1 N / m -3 3 1 kg = 2.2046 lb π = 3.14159… 1 L = 10 m -23 2 Boltzmann’s constant k = 1.38065052 x 10 J / K 1 cm = 0.39370 in = -459.67 °F = 0.23901 cal = 1 kg / (m ! s ) 3 1 lb = 453.59 g Circumference of a circle = 2 πr = 1 dm -19 2 1 in = 2.54 cm K = °C + 273.15 = 1 C ! V 1 atm = 101,325 Pa 3 3 = 16 oz Area of a circle = πr Electron charge e = 1.60217653 x 10 C = 10 cm -4 -27 2 -19 1 km = 0.62137 mi = 9.4781 x 10 Btu = 760 torr = 1.0567 qt 1 amu = 1.66053873 x 10 kg Surface area of a sphere = 4 πr Faraday’s constant F = 9.64853383 x 10 C/mol (°F − 32) 1 mi = 5280 ft °C = ! 1 cal = 4.184 J = 14.70 lb / in2 1 ton = 2000 lb Volume of a sphere = 4/3 πr2 1.8 1 gal = 4 qt Gas constant R = 0.08205821 (L ! atm / mol ! K) -19 5 2 = 1.6093 km °F = 1.8 (°C) + 32 1 eV = 1.6022 x 10 J 1 bar = 10 Pa 3 = 907.185 kg Volume of a cylinder = πr h = 8.31447215 J / (mol ! K) = 16.39 cm -4 -10 = 5.48579909 x 10 amu 1 Å = 10 m 1 torr = 1 mmHg 3 1 metric ton = 1000 kg 1 cm = 1 mL Mass of an electron me -31 =9.10938262 x 10 kg 3 3 = 2204.6 lb 1 in = 16.39 cm = 1.00866492 amu Mass of a neutron m -27 1 qt = 32 fluid oz n = 1.67492728 x 10 kg SI Unit Prefixes = 1.00727647 amu Mass of a proton m -27 p = 1.67262171 x 10 kg a f p n µ m c d k M G T P E Planck’s constant h = 6.62606931 x 10-34 J ! s 8 atto femto pico nano micro milli centi deci kilo mega giga tera peta exa Speed of light in vacuum c =2.99792458 x 10 m/s .