Maned Wolf Husbandry Manual 2007 Edition Maned Wolf SSP© INTRODUCTION and ACKNOWLEDGMENTS When the Maned Wolf SSP was formed in 1985, one of the first goals was to produce husbandry guidelines for managing the species in captivity. The original MWSSP Husbandry Manual was prepared by Mike Blakely and Melissa Rodden in 1987 and revised in 1995 (Norah Fletchall, Steve Taylor & M. Rodden, eds.). Contributors to previous editions of the MWSSP Husbandry Manual include: Melissa Rodden Michael Blakely Norah Fletchall Steve Taylor Lee Werle Diana Weinhardt David Westbrook Mary E. Allen Fran Lyon Mark Rosenthal Stephanie Bestelmeyer Mary Jo Stearns Mike Kinsey Robyn Barbiers Mitchell Bush Richard Montali Spanish translation: Sergio M. Minini, Buenos Aires, Argentina Portuguese translation: Elias Sadalla Filho, Sao Paulo, Brazil The 2007 edition presents new information about several aspects of maned wolf biology and management. It is a living document and will be updated as new information becomes available. My sincere gratitude to the many individuals who contributed their time and expertise to the 2007 edition of the Maned Wolf SSP Husbandry Manual. Melissa Rodden MWSSP Coordinator i CONTRIBUTORS to 2007 EDITION Listed in alphabetical order Bill Baker Abilene Zoo Robyn Barbiers Lincoln Park Zoo Mitchell Bush NZP (ret) John Collette Dickerson Park Zoo Don Goff Beardsley Zoo Beth Hammond Lion Country Safari Susan Lyndaker Lindsey Wild Canid Survival & Research Center D McAloose Wildlife Conservation Society Karen Meeks White Oak Conservation Center Melissa Rodden NZP Conservation & Research Center Nucharin Songsasen NZP Conservation & Research Center Mary Jo Stearns Fossil Rim Wildlife Center Cover photo: Paul Caster, Little Rock Zoo Portuguese translation: Joares Adenilson May Júnior, DVM [email protected] Spanish translation: Daniel Sosa, DVM [email protected] ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction & Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................i Contributors to 2007 Edition........................................................................................................................ ii Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................................ iii Maned Wolf SSP Management Committee& Advisors ...............................................................................iv Chapter1: Natural History............................................................................................................................1 Chapter 2: Captive Management .................................................................................................................6 Addendum I – Two Accounts of Mixed Species Exhibits....................................................................17 Addendum II – Capture Boxes and Restraints......................................................................................18 Chapter 3: Nutritional Management ..........................................................................................................19 Chapter 4: Behavior and Social Organization............................................................................................23 Addendum I – Maned Wolf Ethogram and Data Collection Form.......................................................26 Chapter 5: Reproduction............................................................................................................................29 Table 1 – Seminal characteristics (mean ± SEM) of samples obtained from nine maned wolves using electro-ejaculation.................................................................................................................37 Addendum I – Maned Wolf SSP Birth Survey .....................................................................................39 Chapter 6: Pup Development and Hand-Rearing Protocol........................................................................44 Table 1 – Summary of growth and feeding for a litter of 1.1 maned wolf pups hand-reared at NZP-CRC ...................................................................................................................................51 Table 2 – Maned wolf growth rates for 5 hand-reared litters ...............................................................52 Chapter 7: Medical Management...............................................................................................................54 Table 1 – ISIS 2002 Clinical Pathology Values for Maned Wolves <2 yrs old ...................................63 Table 2 - ISIS 2002 Clinical Pathology Values for Maned Wolves >2 yrs old ...................................65 Addendum I – Preliminary Report on the use of killed Feline Panleucopenia Vaccine.......................67 Addendum II – Suspected case of bone marrow suppression thought to be induced by the antibiotic trimethoprim/sulfadiazine (TMS)...................................................................................................68 Addendum III – Possible Reaction to Metronidazole...........................................................................69 Addendum IV – Maned Wolf Pup Vaccination Schedule ....................................................................71 Addendum V – Vaccination and Titer Information ..............................................................................72 Addendum VI – Thyroid Levels ...........................................................................................................74 Chapter 8: Maned Wolf Necropsy Protocol ..............................................................................................75 Addendum I – Dr. Linda Munson’s Instructions and Survey ...............................................................81 Chapter 9: References................................................................................................................................83 iii Maned Wolf SSP Management Committee Melissa Rodden (Coordinator) Bill Baker, Director NZP Conservation & Research Center Abilene Zoo [email protected] [email protected] (540) 635-6550 (325) 676-6590 Don Goff, Curator Candy McMahan, Asst. Curator Beardsley Zoological Gardens Louisville Zoological Garden [email protected] [email protected] (203) 394-6564 (502) 459-2181 x Marsha Riedmiller, Curator Michael Quick, Curator Birmingham Zoo Sedgwick County Zoo [email protected] [email protected] (205) 879-0409 (316) 942-2213 x237 John Collette, Curator Karen Ziegler Meeks, Carnivore Superv. Dickerson Park Zoo White Oak Conservation Center [email protected] [email protected] (417) 833-1570 (904) 225-3306 Mary Jo Stearns (Secretary) Susan Lindsey, Director Fossil Rim Wildlife Center Wild Canid Survival & Research Center [email protected] [email protected] (254) 897-2960 x314 (636) 938-5900 Maned Wolf SSP Advisors Beth Hammond, DVM (Veterinary) Jack Grisham, Dir. Animal Coll. (Canid TAG) Lion Country Safari St. Louis Zoological Park [email protected] [email protected] (561) 793-1084 x320 (314) 781-0900 x229 Mitchell Bush, DVM (Veterinary) Diana Weinhardt (Behavior/Husbandry) [email protected] [email protected] (281) 997-8312 c(713) 205-1524 D McAloose, VMD, Diplomate ACVP (Pathology) Wildlife Conservation Society Stephanie Lubianski (Training/Enrichment) [email protected] [email protected] (718) 220-7105 Kate Volz, Animal Keeper (Keeper Liaison) Nucharin Songsasen, Ph.D. (Repro. Physiol) National Zoological Park NZP-CRC [email protected] [email protected] (202) 633-3216 (540) 622-8415 Robyn Barbiers, Curator (Vet. Assist. Advisor) Mark Edwards, Nutritionist (Nutrition) Lincoln Park Zoo California Polytechnic Institute [email protected] [email protected] (312) 742-7747 iv CHAPTER ONE NATURAL HISTORY TAXONOMY Maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus) are members of the canid family which encompasses 15 genera and 35 species (Sheldon, l992). Representing the largest canid species in South America and the fourth largest canid worldwide, the maned wolf was first described by D'Azara in 1801. Maned wolves are commonly known by several names in their native habitat, including: lobo guará, boroche, aguará guazú and lobo de crin. The karyotype of maned wolves is similar to Canis but the diploid number is 76 for Chrysocyon and 78 for members of the genus Canis (Dietz, l984). Maned wolves are believed to have evolved in the Central Highlands of Brazil during the Pleistocene era from an ancestral canid (Wayne & O'Brien, l987), and taxonomists postulate that the maned wolf is more closely related to the bush dog (Speothos) than to the South American foxes (Wayne et al., 1997). PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS Maned wolves are atypical canids in appearance. Their legs are long and stilt-like allowing them to see above and move through the tall grasses of their native habitat. Rusty red fur covers most of the body; the muzzle and the lower legs are dark brown or black. A “mane” of relatively long black fur runs from the nape down the midline of the back. The fur on the shoulders and neck is sometimes raised during agonistic encounters, hence the "maned" wolf. The throat, inside of the ears and the tail tip are white. There is little variation in these patterns between individuals. The walking gait of the maned wolf is, to our knowledge, unique among canids. It is best described as “pacing”, in which the front and hind legs on