Institut für Systematische Botanik und Ökologie Universität Ulm Floral Biology, Flowering Phenology and Floral Visitors of Five Insect-Pollinated Tree Species in a Tropical Lowland Rainforest Remnant of Pernambuco, Brazil Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades Dr. rer. nat. der Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften der Universität Ulm vorgelegt von Leonhard Krause aus Luckenwalde Jahr der Promotion: 2008 Amtierender Dekan: Prof. Dr. Klaus-Dieter Spindler 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Gerhard Gottsberger 2. Gutachter: Tag der Promotion: Table of contents I Table of contents TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................................. I Acknowledgements.................................................................................................................................................I Index of scientific terms and abbreviations used in the text (including non-SI units) .....................................I 1 SUMMARY........................................................................................................... I 2 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ....................................................................................... I 3 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................. 1 3.1 Tree reproduction in tropical lowland rainforests...............................................................................1 3.2 General species characterisation and state of the art .......................................................................... 1 3.2.1 Tapirira guianensis Aubl., Anacardiaceae........................................................................................... 1 3.2.2 Ocotea glomerata (Nees) Mez, Lauraceae........................................................................................... 1 3.2.3 Trichilia lepidota Mart., Meliaceae ..................................................................................................... 1 3.2.4 Sclerolobium densiflorum Benth., Caesalpinioideae (Fabaceae) ......................................................... 1 3.2.5 Eschweilera ovata (Cambess.) Miers, Lecythidaceae.......................................................................... 1 4 MATERIAL AND METHODS .............................................................................. 1 4.1 Study area................................................................................................................................................ 1 4.1.1 Forest vegetation at the Usina São José S/A sugar company............................................................... 1 4.1.2 Forest patch characterization................................................................................................................ 1 4.2 Methods ................................................................................................................................................... 1 4.2.1 Flower and inflorescence morphology................................................................................................. 1 4.2.2 Anthesis ............................................................................................................................................... 1 4.2.3 Sexual and reproductive system........................................................................................................... 1 4.2.4 Nectar................................................................................................................................................... 1 4.2.5 Floral scent........................................................................................................................................... 1 4.2.6 Flowering Phenology........................................................................................................................... 1 4.2.7 Floral visitors ....................................................................................................................................... 1 5 RESULTS............................................................................................................ 1 II Table of contents 5.1 Floral biology, phenology and floral visitors of Tapirira guianensis .................................................. 1 5.1.1 Morphology.......................................................................................................................................... 1 5.1.2 Anthesis ............................................................................................................................................... 1 5.1.3 Sexual and reproductive system........................................................................................................... 1 5.1.4 Nectar................................................................................................................................................... 1 5.1.5 Floral scent........................................................................................................................................... 1 5.1.6 Phenology ............................................................................................................................................ 1 5.1.7 Floral visitors ....................................................................................................................................... 1 5.2 Floral biology, phenology and floral visitors of Ocotea glomerata...................................................... 1 5.2.1 Morphology.......................................................................................................................................... 1 5.2.2 Anthesis ............................................................................................................................................... 1 5.2.3 Sexual and reproductive system........................................................................................................... 1 5.2.4 Nectar................................................................................................................................................... 1 5.2.5 Floral scent........................................................................................................................................... 1 5.2.6 Phenology ............................................................................................................................................ 1 5.2.7 Floral visitors ....................................................................................................................................... 1 5.3 Floral biology, phenology and floral visitors of Trichilia lepidota ...................................................... 1 5.3.1 Morphology.......................................................................................................................................... 1 5.3.2 Anthesis ............................................................................................................................................... 1 5.3.3 Sexual and reproductive system........................................................................................................... 1 5.3.4 Nectar................................................................................................................................................... 1 5.3.5 Floral scent........................................................................................................................................... 1 5.3.6 Phenology ............................................................................................................................................ 1 5.3.7 Floral visitors ....................................................................................................................................... 1 5.4 Floral biology, phenology and floral visitors of Sclerolobium densiflorum ........................................ 1 5.4.1 Morphology.......................................................................................................................................... 1 5.4.2 Anthesis ............................................................................................................................................... 1 5.4.3 Sexual and reproductive system........................................................................................................... 1 5.4.4 Floral scent........................................................................................................................................... 1 5.4.5 Phenology ............................................................................................................................................ 1 5.4.6 Floral visitors ....................................................................................................................................... 1 5.5 Floral biology, phenology and floral visitors of Eschweilera ovata..................................................... 1 5.5.1 Morphology.......................................................................................................................................... 1 5.5.2 Anthesis ............................................................................................................................................... 1 5.5.3 Sexual and reproductive system........................................................................................................... 1 5.5.4 Nectar..................................................................................................................................................