March 16, 2010 u vol. 107 u no. 11 u 4791–5262 Cover image: Pictured are two mouse pancreatic islets of Langerhans. A typical wild-type islet (right panel) consists of a core of insulin-producing beta cells (in green) with peripheral glu- cagon producing alpha cells (in red). The islet from a type 1 diabetic mouse model (left) shows near-complete loss of beta cell mass and an abundance of glucagon-producing alpha cells. The imbalance between the two cell types contributes to the glucose abnormalities characteristic of type 1 diabetes. May-Yun Wang et al. suggest that leptin administration may have advantages over insulin monotherapy as a therapy for type 1 diabetes. See the Feature Article by Wang et al. on pages 4813–4819. Image courtesy of Gregory Clark and Philipp Scherer (Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center). From the Cover 4813 Leptin treatment for diabetes 4857 Racial bias in friendships 5124 Targeting myeloma bone disease 5190 Nicotine accumulation and the brain 5238 Inherited cognitive abilities E38 Revision of the mtDNA tree and corresponding Contents haplogroup nomenclature Mannis van Oven E40 Reply to van Oven: Suggestions and caveats for naming THIS WEEK IN PNAS mtDNA haplogroup Qing-Peng Kong, Hans-Jürgen Bandelt, Mian Zhao, Ya-Ping 4791 In This Issue Zhang, and Yong-Gang Yao COMMENTARIES LETTERS (ONLINE ONLY) 4793 Leveraging leptin for type I diabetes? Daniel Kraus, Mark A. Herman, and Barbara B. Kahn E33 New evidence for a Mesoamerican homeland for Proto- See companion article on page 4813 Uto-Aztecan Jane H. Hill 4795 A strong role for nature in face recognition Elinor McKone and Romina Palermo E34 Lack of linguistic support for Proto-Uto-Aztecan at 8900 BP See companion article on page 5238 Cecil H. Brown E35 Reply to Hill and Brown: Maize and Uto-Aztecan cultural history PERSPECTIVE William L. Merrill, Robert J. Hard, Jonathan B. Mabry, Gayle J. Fritz, Karen R. Adams, John R. Roney, 4797 New perspectives on anthropoid origins and A. C. MacWilliams Blythe A. Williams, Richard F. Kay, and E. Christopher Kirk E37 Reply to Rocke and Barker: The question is not whether birds are affected by thiamine deficiency or botulism, it is about the order of events Lennart Balk, Per-Åke Hägerroth, Gun Åkerman, Marsha INAUGURAL ARTICLE Hanson, Ulla Tjärnlund, Tomas Hansson, Gunnar Thor Hallgrimsson, Yngve Zebühr, Dag Broman, Torsten Mörner, 4805 Four generations of transition-state analogues for and Henrik Sundberg human purine nucleoside phosphorylase Meng-Chiao Ho, Wuxian Shi, Agnes Rinaldo-Matthis, Peter C. Tyler, Gary B. Evans, Keith Clinch, Steven C. Almo, Free online through the PNAS open access option. and Vern L. Schramm PNAS u March 16, 2010 u vol. 107 u no. 11 u iii–viii Downloaded by guest on September 24, 2021 FEATURE ARTICLE SOCIAL SCIENCES 4813 Leptin therapy in insulin-deficient type I diabetes ANTHROPOLOGY May-yun Wang, Lijun Chen, Gregory O. Clark, Young 4851 The imprint of China’s first emperor on the distant realm Lee, Robert D. Stevens, Olga R. Ilkayeva, Brett R. Wenner, of eastern Shandong James R. Bain, Maureen J. Charron, Christopher B. Gary M. Feinman, Linda M. Nicholas, and Fang Hui Newgard, and Roger H. Unger See Commentary on page 4793 ECONOMIC SCIENCES 4857 Identifying the roles of race-based choice and chance in high school friendship network formation PHYSICAL SCIENCES Sergio Currarini, Matthew O. Jackson, and Paolo Pin APPLIED PHYSICAL SCIENCES 4862 Interaction of natural survival instincts and internalized social norms exploring the Titanic and Lusitania fl fl 4820 Discovering the ight autostabilizer of fruit ies by disasters inducing aerial stumbles Bruno S. Frey, David A. Savage, and Benno Torgler Leif Ristroph, Attila J. Bergou, Gunnar Ristroph, Katherine Coumes, Gordon J. Berman, John Guckenheimer, Z. Jane Wang, and Itai Cohen PSYCHOLOGICAL AND COGNITIVE SCIENCES 4866 The dimensionality of discourse CHEMISTRY Isidoros Doxas, Simon Dennis, and William L. Oliver 4825 Stimulated coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy 5232 Optimal reward harvesting in complex perceptual (CARS) resonances originate from double-slit environments interference of two-photon Stokes pathways Vidhya Navalpakkam, Christof Koch, Antonio Rangel, Saar Rahav and Shaul Mukamel and Pietro Perona 4830 An atomistic picture of the regeneration process in dye sensitized solar cells 5248 Theta-activity in anterior cingulate cortex predicts task Florian Schiffmann, Joost VandeVondele, Jürg Hutter, rules and their adjustments following errors Atsushi Urakawa, Ronny Wirz, and Alfons Baiker Thilo Womelsdorf, Kevin Johnston, Martin Vinck, and Stefan Everling 4878 Molecular basis for the high-affinity binding and stabilization of firefly luciferase by PTC124 Douglas S. Auld, Scott Lovell, Natasha Thorne, Wendy A. Lea, David J. Maloney, Min Shen, Ganesha Rai, Kevin P. BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES Battaile, Craig J. Thomas, Anton Simeonov, Robert P. Hanzlik, and James Inglese APPLIED BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 4955 An unlocking/relocking barrier in conformational 4820 Discovering the flight autostabilizer of fruit flies by fluctuations of villin headpiece subdomain inducing aerial stumbles Andreas Reiner, Peter Henklein, and Thomas Kiefhaber Leif Ristroph, Attila J. Bergou, Gunnar Ristroph, Katherine Coumes, Gordon J. Berman, John Guckenheimer, Z. Jane Wang, and Itai Cohen ENGINEERING 4834 Magnetically driven three-dimensional manipulation 4872 Geometric cues for directing the differentiation of and inductive heating of magnetic-dispersion mesenchymal stem cells containing metal alloys Kristopher A. Kilian, Branimir Bugarija, Bruce T. Lahn, Joshua D. Calabro, Xu Huang, Brian G. Lewis, and Milan Mrksich and Ainissa G. Ramirez BIOCHEMISTRY ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 4805 Four generations of transition-state analogues for 5036 Tropical cloud forest climate variability and the demise human purine nucleoside phosphorylase of the Monteverde golden toad Meng-Chiao Ho, Wuxian Shi, Agnes Rinaldo-Matthis, Peter Kevin J. Anchukaitis and Michael N. Evans C. Tyler, Gary B. Evans, Keith Clinch, Steven C. Almo, and Vern L. Schramm MATHEMATICS 4878 Molecular basis for the high-affinity binding and stabilization of firefly luciferase by PTC124 4840 Kadison–Singer algebras, II: General case Douglas S. Auld, Scott Lovell, Natasha Thorne, Wendy A. Liming Ge and Wei Yuan Lea, David J. Maloney, Min Shen, Ganesha Rai, Kevin P. 4845 Analytic index for a family of Dirac–Ramond operators Battaile, Craig J. Thomas, Anton Simeonov, Robert P. Orlando Alvarez and Paul Windey Hanzlik, and James Inglese iv u www.pnas.org Downloaded by guest on September 24, 2021 4884 Full-length extracellular region of the var2CSA variant 4961 Large-scale conformational sampling of proteins using of PfEMP1 is required for specific, high-affinity binding temperature-accelerated molecular dynamics to CSA Cameron F. Abrams and Eric Vanden-Eijnden Anand Srivastava, Stéphane Gangnard, Adam Round, 4967 4.0-Å resolution cryo-EM structure of the mammalian Sébastien Dechavanne, Alexandre Juillerat, Bertrand Raynal, chaperonin TRiC/CCT reveals its unique subunit Grazyna Faure, Bruno Baron, Stéphanie Ramboarina, arrangement Saurabh Kumar Singh, Hassan Belrhali, Patrick England, Anita Lewit-Bentley, Artur Scherf, Graham A. Bentley, Yao Cong, Matthew L. Baker, Joanita Jakana, David Woolford, Erik J. Miller, Stefanie Reissmann, Ramya N. and Benoît Gamain Kumar, Alyssa M. Redding-Johanson, Tanveer S. Batth, 4890 Circadian control of XPA and excision repair of Aindrila Mukhopadhyay, Steven J. Ludtke, Judith cisplatin-DNA damage by cryptochrome and HERC2 Frydman, and Wah Chiu ubiquitin ligase 4973 A ratchet mechanism for amplification in low-frequency Tae-Hong Kang, Laura A. Lindsey-Boltz, Joyce T. mammalian hearing Reardon, and Aziz Sancar Tobias Reichenbach and A. J. Hudspeth 4896 Pore architecture of the ORAI1 store-operated 4979 Random cell movement promotes synchronization of the calcium channel segmentation clock Yubin Zhou, Sweta Ramachandran, Masatsugu Oh-hora, Anjana Rao, and Patrick G. Hogan Koichiro Uriu, Yoshihiro Morishita, and Yoh Iwasa 4902 The antiapoptotic DeltaNp73 is degraded in a 4985 Minute negative superhelicity is sufficient to induce the c-Jun–dependent manner upon genotoxic stress B-Z transition in the presence of low tension through the antizyme-mediated pathway Mina Lee, Sook Ho Kim, and Seok-Cheol Hong Iqbal Dulloo, Ganesan Gopalan, Gerry Melino, 4991 Strong intranucleoid interactions organize the and Kanaga Sabapathy Escherichia coli chromosome into a nucleoid filament 4908 Picomole-scale characterization of protein stability and Paul A. Wiggins, Keith C. Cheveralls, Joshua S. Martin, function by quantitative cysteine reactivity Robert Lintner, and Jané Kondev Daniel G. Isom, Eyal Vardy, Terrence G. Oas, 4996 Ca 1.2 β-subunit coordinates CaMKII-triggered and Homme W. Hellinga V cardiomyocyte death and afterdepolarizations 4914 Engineering cis-telomerase RNAs that add telomeric Olha M. Koval, Xiaoquan Guan, Yuejin Wu, Mei-ling Joiner, repeats to themselves Zhan Gao, Biyi Chen, Isabella M. Grumbach, Elizabeth D. Feng Qiao, Karen J. Goodrich, and Thomas R. Cech Luczak, Roger J. Colbran, Long-Sheng Song, Thomas J. Hund, Peter J. Mohler, and Mark E. Anderson 4919 Identification and characterization of the furfural and 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural degradation pathways of 5001 Atomically detailed simulation of the recovery stroke in Cupriavidus basilensis HMF14 myosin by Milestoning Frank Koopman, Nick Wierckx, Johannes H. de Winde, Ron Elber and Anthony West and Harald J.