Analysis 6000 3000 As in previous years, the IPv6 graph exhibited faster relative growth than 6939 (Hurricane) CAIDA’s IPv4 and IPv6 AS Core AS-level Internet Graph the IPv4 graph. From January 2014 to January 2015, the number of IPv6 IPv4 IPv6 ASes increased by 23% and the number of links connecting them 3356 (Level 3) 5000 2500 http://www.caida.org/research/topology/as_core_network/ increased by 29%. In the case of the IPv4 graph, the number of ASes 174 (Cogent) increased by 7% and number of interconnection links increased by 17%. 2914 (NTT) 1299 (Telia Sonera) While relative growth was larger for IPv6, absolute growth was larger in 4000 2000 of 47 IPv6-connected Ark monitors located in 25 countries on 6 continents Internet connectivity graphs at the Autonomous System (AS) level. Each IPv4: our IPv4 AS graph gained 2,623 ASes and 22,343 links since our 17451 (Biznet) Archipelago January 2015 concurrently probed paths toward 4.9 million IPv6 addresses. These AS approximately corresponds to an Internet Service Provider (ISP). We 2014 graph, while our IPv6 AS graph gained 989 ASes and 4,964 links. 1764 (Next Layer) measurements covered, correspondingly, 92.7% of the IPv4 routable map each observed IP address to the AS which announced it, i.e., to the The three highest-degree (most-connected) IPv4 and IPv6 ASes in our 3000 3257 (GTT) 1500 During a two-week period in January 2015, CAIDA researchers connected prefixes and 89.3% of the globally routed IPv6 prefixes as seen in the origin (end-of-path) AS for the IP prefix representing the best match for measurements remained in the same position as in our 2014 data, but 12552 (IP-Only) there were more changes in rank among lower-ranked IPv6 ASes than data using our distributed measurement infrastructure, Archipelago (Ark). Route Views Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) routing tables collected by this address in the BGP routing tables. The position of each AS node is Transit Degree 2603 (NORDUnet) 2000 1000 For the IPv4 map, 118 Ark monitors in 42 countries on 6 continents probed Routeviews and RIPE NCC on January 1, 2015. plotted in polar coordinates (radius, angle) calculated as indicated in among similarly ranked IPv4 ASes. This difference in volatility is 20965 (Geant) consistent with the younger and more dynamic growth pattern of IPv6. paths toward 281 million /24 IPv4 networks. For the IPv6 map, the subset We aggregated the captured IP-level data to construct IPv4 and IPv6 Figure 1. 9498 (BBIL) Examining the dynamics of changes in node degrees (number of 7018 (AT&T) neighbors) provides additional insights into the internet's evolutionary 1000 500 trends. Candle plots in Figures 2 and 3 illustrate the distributions of 3549 (Level 3) S B 4323 (TWTC) i relative AS degree changes that occurred between 2014 and 2015. Each n 0 0 a bin in those plots either includes all ASes that had the same degree in 2014 2015 2014 2015 g n a J g 2014 data or spans several degree values to include at least 25 ASes. For a p N k I each bin, the black line in the middle shows the median percentage of o median observed change was a 12% degree increase. The maximum AS 6939 Hurricane Electric remained the largest-degree IPv6 AS, k o N , a r I Figure 1. Coordinates of AS in AS core visualization. change, the vertical box is drawn between the 25th and 75th percentile B k y degree growth of 55% was observed by Bharti Airtel (AS 9498). This large increasing its degree from 1740 in 2014 to 2199 in 2015. The largest e r , , i a values, and the vertical line ends at the 5th and 95th percentile values. increase moved Bharti Airtel from 10th to 5th position in the ranking of relative degree increase in the IPv6 graph came from AS 12552 IP-Only e t , i a T b S h Figure 4 (Left) and 5 (Right). (IPv4/IPv6 Top Ranked ASes) Figures 4 j , l ASes by transit degree. The only decrease in degree from 2014 to 2015 Networks, with an increase of 1281% from 37 to 511, making it the 9th i H T n G IPv4 I e m and 5 show changes in connectivity for the 10 IPv4 and 11 IPv6 ASes that a D came from AS 7018 and AS 3549, both degrees dropped by 4% each, highest ranked AS by degree in 2015. The AS that decreased most in g o E 90E D i were ranked in the "Top 10" by transit degree in either 2014 or 2015. In p , 100E A which had a marginal impact on the Top 10 rankings. In the IPv6 graph, degree in the IPv6 graph was AS 20965 Geant; its 45% drop from 368 to 80E B e C , i the IPv4 graph, 8 ASes increased their degree while 2 decreased; the V S i E 10 out of 11 ASes increased their degree, with a median increase of 26%. 202 removed it from Top 10. , N 10 b la e 1 7 T 0E a d o i u W h v l D o , 0E 2 s K 1 6 u t 0 150 Figure 3 (Left). (Box-and-Whisker Plot IPv6) For ASes with degree less o E b R 100 IPv4 IPv6 k 100 A than 3 in 2014, the same number of ASes reduced and increased their AS , 95% 50 R 50 75% degree by 2015. The fraction of ASes that increased in size tended to E U 0 50% T 3 0 1 0 25% increase as the degree increased. Only 50% ASes with degrees less then o 5 0 k E -50 -50 3 increased in size, while almost 75% of ASes with degrees larger then y U 5% o R -100 -100 100 did. , % change (degrees) , J 1 10 100 1000 1 10 100 1000 w P L E o I 0 c , 4 Figure 2 (Above). (Box-and-Whisker Plot IPv4) For ASes with degree 1 s iv 4 o R 0 v E T less then 4 in 2014, the same number of ASes reduced and increased M A , l a e r their AS degree by 2015. Fifty percent of ASes with degrees greater then S a S T B k A i y 10 in 2014 saw at least a 6% increase in degree by 2015. Twenty five n n U a d A , n A Z g n v , percent of those (degree > 10 in 2014) increased their degree by 22%. e E e a a y i i J g 0 , r 5 K p N A o I a k 1 t I 3 F o U k e o , , 0 r i N a r I E P k k B y n e i r , , s i a l G e t , e B a T b i S h H , j , l a L i H i T f n G m P e I o , a D S w g o E a i 90E D E E s p , 00 E r S 1 80 B A , E 0 18101 (Reliance ) a e C , m 6 W l V i S 4844 (SuperInternet) o i E IPv6 N 0 1 h l , 11 b 2 k a e 7 0 c E 0 o T a 4134 (Chinanet) o T d t E 4637 (Telstra Global) 4755 (TATA ) S A i u W h , v a n l D o E n , 0 7473 (SingTel) 2 e s i 1 K 6 u V t 0 7497 (Computer Network) E 3786 (LG DACOM) E o b R D 24560 (Bharti Airtel) , k n A i 5677 9318 (Hanaro Telecom) l 2199 , r e 12389 (JSC Rostelecom) R B 4766 (Korea Telecom) 17451 (BIZNET) E E U 0 31133 (MegaFon) O 0 N T 3 2516 (KDDI CORPORATION) , 1 5 7 lo o s 0 1 37100 (SEACOM) 3216 (OJSC VimpelCom) O k E 4826 (Vocus Connect) 10026 (Pacnet Global) E 1 D y , U rt 0 fu o R k 7575 (Australian Academic) 20485 (TransTeleCom) n E ra , , 9498 (Bharti Airtel) F J w P L E o I 0 c , 5109 1979 4 3741 (American Registry) s v 12741 (Netia) 1 4 i E o R , B 0 v els ss T Bru E A 23655 (Snap Internet) M , l W 9002 (RETN) a 12552 (IP) e r / a 4768 (TelstraClear) S T E R F ris, k A 3320 (Deutsche Telekom) Pa y 0 n U d A 4648 (Netgate) , 8 8928 (Interoute) n A Z 5580 (Atrato IP) e v , 1 E e a 0 y i i 0 London, UK , r 132132 (MyRepublic) 20965 (The GEANT) 5 K A o I 1 t 1299 (TeliaNet Global) 4541 1759 U 9304 (Hutchison Global) 3 F e , 0 r i 4788 (TM Net) 6762 (TELECOM ITALIA) 4761 (INDOSAT) E P k n 3356 (Level 3) i s 8657 (PT Comunicacoes) l G 174 (Cogent ) e B 6939 (Hurricane Electric) 4755 (TATA ) H , 12389 (JSC Rostelecom) a L i f P 4637 (Telstra Global) o , 9498 (Bharti Airtel) S w D a 3257 (Tinet SpA) ub 31133 (MegaFon) s E E li 7473 (SingTel) W n, r S IE , 0 a 17832 (SIXNGIX) 0 3216 (OJSC VimpelCom) m 2914 (NTT America) 6453 (Tata ) 6 9264 (Academic Sinica) W l o 7 1 h 2 3973 1539 k 1 c 4844 (SuperInternet) 0 7018 (AT&T Services) A 3549 (Global Crossing) 1 l o T g t e E s S A 0 20485 (TransTeleCom) , , P 7575 (Australian Academic) a 6327 (Shaw ) 4323 (tw telecom) T n W 16735 (Companhia de) n e i 209 (Qwest) 2516 (KDDI CORPORATION) V 3491 (Beyond The) 18881 (Global Village) 8359 (MTS OJSC) E D 10026 (Pacnet Global) , 2828 (XO ) n i 701 (MCI ) l r e 9505 (Taiwan Internet) B 7738 (Telemar Norte) 7922 (Comcast Cable) E O 0 9503 (FX Networks) 4826 (Vocus Connect) N , 11164 (National LambdaRail) 1239 (Sprint) 5511 (France Telecom) 7 lo s 1 17451 (BIZNET) O 3406 1319 E 22773 (Cox ) 1 D W , t 12956 (Telefonica) r 0 u f 0 k n E ra F 6 2152 (California State) 12989 (Eweka Internet) 1 2 4436 (nLayer ) 0 W E 852 (TELUS Advanced) s, B el ss 3561 (SAVVIS) Bru 2603 (NORDUnet) W 10310 (Yahoo!) / S 12552 (IP) 1764 (NEXT LAYER) E ris, FR a U P 0 , 8 u 2838 1099 l 1 0 u l London, UK 20965 (The GEANT) 8218 (Neotelecoms) o W n 0 o 1299 (TeliaNet Global) H 5 1 6939 (Hurricane Electric) 3 0 6762 (TELECOM ITALIA) W D u b li W n , IE 0 879 2270 7 3356 (Level 3) 1 A 174 (Cogent ) 1 l ge 2914 (NTT America) s 0 , 6453 (Tata ) P T W W 0 3257 (Tinet SpA) 4 1 4 0 W W 1703 659 0 3549 (Global Crossing) 11164 (National LambdaRail) 6 1 2 6461 (Abovenet) 30071 (OCCAID) 0 W 22773 (Cox ) 0 W R 3 8047 (GCI) 12956 (Telefonica) 1 1239 (Sprint) 5 209 (Qwest) i 0 o W 2153 (CSUNET NE) 5511 (France Telecom) 2828 (XO ) 11666 (Nexicom Inc.) S d U , e u l 4323 (tw telecom) 10310 (Yahoo!) 7922 (Comcast Cable) u l J o W 7018 (AT&T Services) a n 1135 439 12989 (Eweka Internet) o 0 W n 0 5 H 2 1 e 3 1 6 0 0 i W B W r 19151 (WV Fiber) o u , S e B W U n 0 R 1 1 7 0 , o W S W e s 0 4 U 219 567 W 1 0 s 4 0 1 8 0 A S B W 0 , O W W 0 Analysis Team: o 9 i o U W o r J T Ryan Wagner, Bradley Huffaker, kc claffy S t e g , C t s o s a n Software Development: e x a U S t , i i h a r s w o W , Young Hyun, Matthew Luckie A 0 o R U 3 n D i S r h n 1 5 i c R 0 o Poster Design: a n e W , e i , n d a , 0 n 0 Johanna Fleischman o t e n v a U g o C g J h o n a S S W , t o t A n 0 P 2