i NEW MALE STUDIES (NMS) PUBLISHING ~ MONOGRAPH: 148 pages © 2016 AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF MALE HEALTH AND STUDIES (AIMHS) ii SEX DIFFERENCE EXPLAINED From DNA to Society: Purging Gene Copy Errors Steve Moxon Broomhill Sheffield, UK NEW MALE STUDIES (NMS) PUBLISHING ~ MONOGRAPH: 148 pages © 2016 AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF MALE HEALTH AND STUDIES (AIMHS) iii FOREWORD New Male Studies (NMS) Publishing inaugurates its monograph series with this essay by British independent researcher, Steve Moxon. It is in the interests of stimulating live- ly discussion that we present this very bold and lively text, which is, whatever may even- tually be the verdict about its conclusions, grounded in solid science. The Australian Institute of Men’s Health and Studies (AIMHS), which sponsors the journal and monograph series, has established a reputation for not holding back on grounds of perhaps offending political correctness. As in the articles published in our journal, here in Mr Moxon’s essay, some very strong views are offered. We leave it to the reader to take those views seriously and judge whether the science underlying them justifies Mr Moxon’s conclusions, and their implications for practice and policy-making. The Australian Institute of Men’s Health and Studies and New Male Studies (NMS) Publiushing are pleased to make this essay available. The views expressed by the author are not necessarily those of the editorial and supporting boards’ members. We would like to acknowledge the generous participation of an outside reader who raised im- portant questions for clarification of earlier drafts of the essay. Miles Groth Editor, New Male Studies (NMS) Publishing New York, NY November 2016 NEW MALE STUDIES (NMS) PUBLISHING ~ MONOGRAPH: 148 pages © 2016 AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF MALE HEALTH AND STUDIES (AIMHS) iv TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD ............................................................................................................................ III TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................................. IV AUTHOR PROFILE .................................................................................................................. VII INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... VIII SETTING THE SCENE ................................................................................................................ 1 EXTREME IDEOLOGY AND THE SCIENTIFIC DEATH OF 'SOCIAL CONDITIONING' ......................................... 1 SECTION 1 ............................................................................................................................... 5 WHY WE CAN'T 'TRANSCEND' OUR GENETICALLY-BASED SELVES ........................................................... 5 SECTION 2 ............................................................................................................................. 11 CAUSATION IS UPWARDS: WHAT'S 'DOWNWARDS' IS JUST FEEDBACK ................................................... 11 SECTION 3 ............................................................................................................................. 16 THE CORE BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLE THAT DEALS WITH GENE COPYING MISTAKES ..................................... 16 SECTION 4 ............................................................................................................................. 19 SEX IS PURGING FAULTY GENES BY A DIFFERENT MATING TYPE ........................................................... 19 SECTION 5 ............................................................................................................................. 22 BOTH SEXES INVEST IN REPRODUCTION: FEMALES AFTER SEX, MALES BEFORE ....................................... 22 SECTION 6 ............................................................................................................................. 25 THE KEY MALE 'GENETIC FILTER' MECHANISM: DOMINANCE HIERARCHY.............................................. 25 SECTION 7 ............................................................................................................................. 29 HIERARCHY PROPER IS ONLY EVER AMONGST MALES ........................................................................ 29 SECTION 8 ............................................................................................................................. 35 'POLICING' MALES THROUGH PREJUDICE ......................................................................................... 35 SECTION 9 ............................................................................................................................. 42 A SEX-SPECIFIC STRESS MECHANISM UNDERPINS THE MALE DOMINANCE CONTEST ................................ 42 NEW MALE STUDIES (NMS) PUBLISHING ~ MONOGRAPH: 148 pages © 2016 AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF MALE HEALTH AND STUDIES (AIMHS) v SECTION 10 ........................................................................................................................... 47 HIERARCHY IS CENTRAL TO MALES FROM EARLIEST DEVELOPMENT ...................................................... 47 SECTION 11 ........................................................................................................................... 50 BOYS / MEN GROUP ALL-INCLUSIVELY BEYOND THEIR HIERARCHY ....................................................... 50 SECTION 12 ........................................................................................................................... 53 HOW WOMEN'S SOCIALITY ARISES FROM MEN'S: WOMEN 'MARRY OUT' ............................................. 53 SECTION 13 ........................................................................................................................... 60 THE 'QUEEN BEE' IS THE RAINY-DAY DEFAULT SOLE BREEDER ............................................................. 60 SECTION 14 ........................................................................................................................... 64 PAIR-BONDING SERVES WOMEN, BUT NOT THROUGH MEN BEING PROVIDERS ...................................... 64 SECTION 15 ........................................................................................................................... 67 MEN'S 'MATE-GUARDING' IS NOT WHAT IT SEEMS ........................................................................... 67 SECTION 16 ........................................................................................................................... 73 WOMEN VALUE PAIR-BONDING MORE THAN MEN DO ...................................................................... 73 SECTION 17 ........................................................................................................................... 76 WOMEN ARE MUCH THE MORE VIOLENT TO THEIR PARTNERS ............................................................. 76 SECTION 18 ........................................................................................................................... 81 IN 'TRADITIONAL' SOCIETIES, WOMEN VIE TO 'HONESTLY SIGNAL' FIDELITY ........................................... 81 SECTION 19 ........................................................................................................................... 87 THE FEMALE WITHIN THE MALE SOCIAL STRUCTURE ......................................................................... 87 SECTION 20 ........................................................................................................................... 92 WOMEN RISE BY BEING MORE CONSCIENTIOUS ............................................................................... 92 SECTION 21 ........................................................................................................................... 96 MEN REALLY ARE MORE COMPETITIVE; WOMEN BACK AWAY ............................................................. 96 SECTION 22 ......................................................................................................................... 101 CROSS-SEX, IT’S SEXUAL DISPLAY, NOT CONTEST: MEN ACT, WOMEN FLAUNT .................................... 101 SECTION 23 ......................................................................................................................... 105 NEW MALE STUDIES (NMS) PUBLISHING ~ MONOGRAPH: 148 pages © 2016 AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF MALE HEALTH AND STUDIES (AIMHS) vi THE MYTH OF 'SEXUAL CONFLICT': IT'S ACTUALLY A WITHIN-SEX PHENOMENON ................................. 105 SECTION 24 ......................................................................................................................... 110 CODA: THE SYMBOSIS OF THE SEXES ............................................................................................ 110 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................ 111 NOTES PAGES ...................................................................................................................... 134 NOTES PAGES ...................................................................................................................... 135 NOTES PAGES ...................................................................................................................... 136 NOTES PAGES .....................................................................................................................