SEPTEMBER 1998 THIRTY-EIGHTH YEAR No. 324 INTERNATIONAL OF THE RED CROSS +c Published four times a year by the Intemational Committee of the Red Cross for the Intemalional Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement + INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS CORNELIO SOMMARUGA, Doctor of Laws of the University of Zurich, Doctor h.c. of Fribourg University (Switzerland), Minho University, Braga (Portugal), Bologna University (Italy), Nice-Sophia Antipolis University (France), Seoul National University (Republic of Korea), Geneva University and Webster University (United States), Presidellt (member since 1986) ERIC ROETHLISBERGER, Doctorate of Pol itical Science from the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva, permanent Vice-Presidellt (1994) ANNE PETITPIERRE, Doctor of Laws, Barrister, Professor at the Law Faculty of the University of Geneva, Vice-President (1987) ULRICH GAUDENZ MIDDENDORP, Doctor of Medicine, lecturer at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, former head of the surgical department of the Cantonal Hospital, Winterthur (1973) RENEE GUISAN, General Secretary of the fnstilut de la Vie international, head of medico-social institutions in the Canton of Vaud, member of the International Association for Volunteer Effort (1986) PAOLO BERNASCONI, Barrister, Bachelor of Laws, lecturer in fiscal law and economic criminal law at the Universities of SI. Gallen, Zurich and Milan (Bocconi), former Public Prosecutor at Lugano (1987) LISELOTTE KRA US-GURNY, Doctor of Laws of the University of Zurich (1988) SUSY BRUSCHWEILER, nurse, former Director of the Swiss Red Cross College of Nursing in Aarau, Chairwoman, SV-Service, Contract Catering (1988) JACQUES FORSTER, Doctor of Economics, Professor at the Graduate Institute of Development Studies in Geneva (1988) JACQUES MOREILLON, Bachelor of Laws, Doctor of Political Science, Secretary General of the World Organization of the Scout Movement, former Director General at the ICRC (1988) RODOLPHE DE HALLER, Doctor of Medicine, lecturer at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Geneva, former President of the Swiss Association Against Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (1991) DANIEL THURER, Doctor of Laws, LL. M. (Cambridge), Professor at the University of Zurich (1991) JEAN-FRAN<;:OIS AUBERT, Doctor of Laws, Professor at the University of NeuchiiteL former member of the Swiss National Council and Council of States (1993) GEORGES-ANDRE CUENDET, Bachelor of Laws of the University of Geneva, graduate of the Institute of Political Studies of the University of Paris, Master of Arts of Stanford University (USA), member of the Administrative Council of Cologny, Geneva (1993) ERNST A. BRUGGER, Doctor of Natural Science, consultant for economic development issues, professor at the University of Zurich (1995) JEAN-ROGER BONVIN, Doctor of Economics of the University of St Gallen, President of the Development Centre of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Paris (1996) JAKOB NUESCH, diploma in agricultural engineering and doctorate in technical sciences from the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, Professor of Microbiology at the University of Basle, former President of the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (1997) PETER ARBENZ, graduate in Economics, former Swiss Federal Council Delegate for Refugee Affairs, Chairman of the Zurich branch of the Swiss Red Cross, Consultant for Strategic and Enterprise Development ([983-1987,1997). ANDRE VON MOOS, Doctor of Laws, Bachelor of Economics, SMP certificate of the Harvard Business School. Formely Chairman of the von Moos Group, industrialist (1998). OLIVIER VODOZ, Bachelor of Laws, Barrister, former Deputy in the Geneva Grand Conseit and former President of the COllseit d'Etat of the Republic and Canton of Geneva (1998). GABRIELLE NANCHEN, Bachelor of Social Science from the University of Lausanne and diploma from the Lausanne School of Social Studies, former member of the Swiss National Council (1998). JEAN DE COURTEN, Bachelor of Laws, former delegate and former Director of Operations at the ICRC (1998). The International Committee ofthe Red Cross (ICRC) and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, together with the National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, form the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. The ICRC, which gave rise to the Movement, is an independent humanitarian institution. As a neutral intermediary in the event of armed conflict or unrest it endeavours, on its own initiative or on the basis of the Geneva Conventions, to bring protection and assistance to the victims of international and non-international armed conflict and internal disturbances and tension. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF THE RED CROSS No. 324 September 1998 A note from the Editor 400 50th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Human rights and international humanitarian law Foreword by Judge Abdul G. Koroma 403 Foreword by Daniel Thiirer 406 The relationship between international humanitarian law and hu­ man rights law A brief history of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the 1949 Geneva Conventions Robert Kolb 409 Women, human rights and international humanitarian law Judith Gardam.................................................................................... 421 The struggle against torture Walter Kalin 433 Bridging the gap between human rights and humanitarian law: the punishment of o"ffenders John Dugard 445 The minimum humanitarian rules applicable in periods of internal tension and strife Djamchid Momtaz 455 Codification of international rules on internally displaced persons An area where both human rights and humanitarian law considera­ tions are being taken into account Robert K. Goldman 463 Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement A few comments on the contribution of international humanitarian law Jean-Philippe Lavoyer............................................................... ......... 467 Trends in the application of international humanitarian law by United Nations human rights mechanisms Daniel O'Donnell................................................................................ 481 397 The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and inter­ national humanitarian law A comment on the Tablada Case Liesbeth Zegveld ,................ 505 The approach of the European Commission and Court of Human Rights to international humanitarian law Aisling Reidy............................................................. .......................... 513 Non-governmental human rights organizations and international humanitarian law Rachel Brett 531 International Committee of the Red Cross Statutes of the International Committee of the Red Cross 537 Future of the ICRC Presidency.............................................................. 544 Reports and documents Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement 545 Convention on the prohibition of the use, stockpiling, production and transfer of anti-personnel mines and on their destruction (Ottawa Treaty) 557 Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocols Accession to the Additional Protocols by the Republic of Venezuela 558 Books and Reviews Nicholas O. Berry, War and the Red Cross - The unspoken mission, St. Martin's Press, New York, 1997 Wilfried Remans 559 lin Toman, La protection des biens culturels en cas de conjlit arme, Paris, Editions Unesco, 1994, 490 pages lin Toman, The protection of cultural property in the event of armed conflict, Dartmouth Publishing Company, AldershotfUnesco Publi­ shing, Paris, 1996, 525 pages Emmanuelle Stavraki, La Convention pour la protection des biens culturels en cas de conjlit arme, Athenes, Editions Ant. N. Sakkou­ las, 1996, 306 pages lean A. Konopka (ed.), La Protection des biens culturels en temps de guerre et de paix d'apres les conventions intemationales (multila­ terales), Geneve, Imprimeries de Versoix, 1997, 163 pages Jean-Marie Henckaerts 564 Matthias Pape, Humanitiire Intervention: Zur Bedeutung der Menschen­ rechte in den Vereinten Nationen, Nomos, Baden-Baden, 1997 Bardo Fassbender 567 398 Relationship between international humanitarian law and human rights law Short bibliography......... 572 Recent publications 576 Miscellaneous Jacques Freymond (l911-1998), by Jacques Moreillon 577 Harald Huber (1912-1998), by Jacques Moreillon 580 399 A note from the Editor Fifty years ago, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Looking back today, we can see that this was a crucial event in the history of the twentieth century, and indeed a turning point for humanity as a whole. From that time onwards, no one would ever again be able to deny with a clear conscience such simple and fundamental rights as these: "Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.") "No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment."2 "No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile."3 "Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food [and] medical care (...)."4 Far from being mere exhortations, these rules set forth the obligations which States have undertaken to respect. The Preamble to the Declaration further states that: "(...) Member States have pledged themselves to achieve (...) univer­ sal respect for and observance of human rights (... )."5 Although we are well aware that actual respect for the "inherent dignity (.oo) of all members