THE HANDBOOK OF JOURNALISM STUDIES This handbook charts the growing area of journalism studies, exploring the current state of theory and setting an agenda for future research in an international context. The volume is structured around theoretical and empirical approaches, and covers scholarship on news production and organizations; news content; journalism and society; and journalism in a global context. Empha- sizing comparative and global perspectives, each chapter explores: • Key elements, thinkers, and texts • Historical context • Current state-of-the-art • Methodological issues • Merits and advantages of the approach/area of studies • Limitations and critical issues of the approach/area of studies • Directions for future research Offering broad international coverage from top-tier contributors, this volume ranks among the fi rst publications to serve as a comprehensive resource addressing theory and scholarship in journalism studies. As such, The Handbook of Journalism Studies is a must-have resource for scholars and graduate students working in journalism, media studies, and communication around the globe. A Volume in the International Communication Association Handbook Series. Karin Wahl-Jorgensen is Reader in the Cardiff School of Journalism, Media, and Cultural Stud- ies, Cardiff University, Wales. Her work on media, democracy, and citizenship has been pub- lished in more than 20 international journals as well as in numerous books. Thomas Hanitzsch is Assistant Professor in the Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research at the University of Zurich. He founded the ICA’s Journalism Studies Division and has published four books and more than 50 articles and chapters on journalism, comparative com- munication research, online media, and war coverage. INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION ASSOCIATION (ICA) HANDBOOK SERIES Robert T. Craig, Series Editor Strömbäck/ Kaid – The Handbook of Election News Coverage Around the World Wahl-Jorgensen/Hanitzsch – The Handbook of Journalism Studies THE HANDBOOK OF JOURNALISM STUDIES Edited by Karin Wahl-Jorgensen Thomas Hanitzsch First published 2009 by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Simultaneously published in the UK by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2008. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © 2009 Taylor & Francis All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopy- ing and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifi cation and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data The handbook of journalism studies / [edited] by Karin Wahl-Jorgensen and Thomas Hanitzsch. p. cm. — (ICA handbook series) Includes index. 1. Journalism. I. Wahl-Jorgensen, Karin. II. Hanitzsch, Thomas, 1969- PN4724.H36 2008 070.4—dc22 2008024854 ISBN 0-203-87768-3 Master e-book ISBN ISBN10 HB: 0-8058-6342-7 ISBN10 PB: 0-8058-6343-5 ISBN10 EB: 1-4106-1806-4 ISBN13 HB: 978-0-8058-6342-0 ISBN13 PB: 978-0-8058-6343-7 ISBN13 EB: 978-1-4106-1806-1 Contents Series Editor’s Foreword ix Robert T. Craig Preface xi Contributors xiii I. INTRODUCING JOURNALISM STUDIES 1 Introduction: On Why and How We Should Do Journalism Studies 3 Karin Wahl-Jorgensen and Thomas Hanitzsch 2 Journalism History 17 Kevin G. Barnhurst and John Nerone 3 Journalism and the Academy 29 Barbie Zelizer 4 Journalism Education 42 Beate Josephi II. NEWS PRODUCTION 5 News Organizations and Routines 59 Lee B. Becker and Tudor Vlad 6 Journalists as Gatekeepers 73 Pamela J. Shoemaker, Tim P. Vos, and Stephen D. Reese 7 Objectivity, Professionalism, and Truth Seeking in Journalism 88 Michael Schudson and Chris Anderson 8 Reporters and Their Sources 102 Daniel A. Berkowitz 9 Gender in the Newsroom 116 Linda Steiner v vi CONTENTS 10 Convergence and Cross-Platform Content Production 130 Thorsten Quandt and Jane B. Singer III. NEWS CONTENT 11 Agenda Setting 147 Renita Coleman, Maxwell McCombs, Donald Shaw, and David Weaver 12 News Values and Selectivity 161 Deirdre O’Neill and Tony Harcup 13 Nature, Sources, and Effects of News Framing 175 Robert M. Entman, Jörg Matthes, and Lynn Pellicano 14 News, Discourse, and Ideology 191 Teun A. van Dijk 15 Rethinking News and Myth as Storytelling 205 S. Elizabeth Bird and Robert W. Dardenne 16 The Commercialization of News 218 John H. McManus IV. JOURNALISM AND SOCIETY 17 Journalism and Democracy 237 Brian McNair 18 Journalism, Public Relations, and Spin 250 William Dinan and David Miller 19 Alternative and Citizen Journalism 265 Chris Atton 20 Journalism Law and Regulation 279 Kyu Ho Youm 21 Journalism Ethics 295 Stephen J. A. Ward 22 Journalism and Popular Culture 310 John Hartley 23 Audience Reception and News in Everyday Life 325 Mirca Madianou CONTENTS vii V. JOURNALISM STUDIES IN A GLOBAL CONTEXT 24 Journalism and Globalization 341 Simon Cottle 25 Development Journalism 357 Xu Xiaoge 26 Advocacy Journalism in a Global Context 371 Silvio Waisbord 27 Covering War and Peace 386 Howard Tumber 28 Researching Public Service Broadcasting 398 Hallvard Moe and Trine Syvertsen 29 Comparative Journalism Studies 413 Thomas Hanitzsch 30 Towards De-Westernizing Journalism Studies 428 Herman Wasserman and Arnold S. de Beer Author Index 439 Subject Index 443 Series Editor’s Foreword Robert T. Craig Although the origins of academic research on journalism can be traced to mid-nineteenth century Europe and work on this topic developed in several disciplines through the twentieth century, especially in U.S. schools of Journalism and Mass Communication during the century’s last sev- eral decades, in the perspective of the present moment journalism seems to have emerged rather suddenly on the international scene of communication research as a vibrant new interdisciplinary fi eld. The Journalism Studies interest group of the International Communication Association, formed as recently as 2004 with 50 initial members, at this writing is one of the largest, fastest growing. and most broadly international ICA divisions with over 500 members as of mid-2008. The Handbook of Journalism Studies, edited by Karin Wahl-Jorgensen and Thomas Hanitzsch, is thus a timely contribution that provides a benchmark assessment and sets the agenda for future research in this burgeoning area. The editors’ introduction notes other signs of growth including several new journals and major books on Journalism Studies published in recent years. It must be acknowledged that much of what is here called Journalism Studies continues lines of research that have gone on for many years under the rubric of Mass Communication, but the shift to Journalism Studies represents more than just a new label for old work or the familiar process of a maturing sub-specialty spin- ning off from an overpopulated division. Rather, it marks a signifi cant shift of focus away from the functionalist tradition in which journalism has been studied primarily with regard to abstract functions of the mass communication process like gatekeeping and agenda setting. While these and other similar lines of empirical research, as represented by excellent chapters in this volume, continue to fl ourish and hold an important place, the frame shift from Mass Communication to Journalism Studies inverts fi gure and ground. As the central focus shifts away from abstract functions of mass communication and toward journalism as, in the editors’ words, “one of the most important social, cultural and political institutions,” then the normative, historical, cultural, sociological, and political aspects of journalism that were formerly overshadowed emerge as pri- mary concerns and redefi ne the intellectual context in which empirical studies are conducted. The editors and authors contributing to this volume hail from 11 countries around the world and include leading scholars representing a range of disciplines. Thirty chapters review bodies of literature on diverse aspects of Journalism Studies as an academic fi eld, practices of news production, analyses of news content, the complex relations of journalism to society, and the global context of journalism research. Internationalizing the fi eld and developing a global per- spective on journalism institutions, extending research in traditionally marginalized institutions and practices, and connecting scholarship with journalism education and professional practice are appropriately emphasized by the editors as goals for the future. ix THE ICA HANDBOOK SERIES The ICA Handbook series is a joint venture between the International Communication Associa- tion and Routledge. It will be a series of scholarly handbooks that represent the interests of ICA members and help to further the Association’s goals of promoting theory and research across the discipline. These handbooks will provide benchmark assessments of current scholarship and set the agenda for future work. The series will include handbooks that focus on content areas, meth- odological approaches, and theoretical lenses for communication research.