MATTHEW’S VERSION OF THE LORD’S PRAYER IN EWE-GHANAIAN CONTEXT DANIEL SAKITEY SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE PHILOSOPHIAE DOCTOR DEPARTMENT OF NEW TESTAMENT STUDIES AND RELATED LITERATURE FACULTY OF THEOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA SEPTEMBER 2018 SUPERVISOR: PROF ERNEST VAN ECK Table of contents Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 5 Chapter 1 .................................................................................................................................. 7 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 7 1.1 AIM OF RESEARCH ............................................................................................... 7 1.2 SOURCES OF DATA............................................................................................... 8 1.2.1 Primary sources ..................................................................................................... 9 1.2.2 Secondary sources ................................................................................................. 9 1.3 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................. 10 1.4 OUTLINE OF STUDY ........................................................................................... 11 Chapter 2 ................................................................................................................................ 13 The prevailing forms of Ewe religious worldview of libation prayers as replica of the Lord’s Prayer .......................................................................................................................... 13 2.1 EWE RELIGIOUS WORLDVIEW OF LIBATION PRAYER................................ 16 2.3 LIBATION CONCEPT IN OTHER RELIGIOUS SETTINGS ................................ 19 2.4 EWE LIBATION PRAYER PROCESS .................................................................. 22 2.5 EWE LIBATION PRAYER FORMS ...................................................................... 25 2.5.1 Libation prayer texts ............................................................................................ 26 2.6 ANALYSIS OF THE LIBATION PRAYER TEXTS .............................................. 33 2.6.1 Invocation ........................................................................................................... 33 2.6.2 Petitions .............................................................................................................. 35 2.6.3 Benediction ......................................................................................................... 38 2.7 LIBATION PRAYER AND THE LORD’S PRAYER: POINTS OF CONTINUITY AND DISCONTINUITY ................................................................................................... 40 2.7.1 Invocation ........................................................................................................... 40 2.7.2 Petitions .............................................................................................................. 41 2.8 CONCLUDING REMARKS .................................................................................. 45 Chapter 3 ................................................................................................................................ 48 Judeo-Christian background of The Lord’s Prayer and its continuity and discontinuity with Jewish prayers ................................................................................................................ 48 3.1 JEWISH PRAYER FORMS ...................................................................................... 49 3.1.1 Patriarchal to First Temple periods ........................................................................ 49 3.1.2 Exilic to Second Temple periods ......................................................................... 54 3.2 THE SHEMA, AMIDA, KADDISH AND THEIR LITURGICAL USES ...................... 57 3.2.1 Amida ................................................................................................................... 60 3.2.2 Kaddish ............................................................................................................... 65 3.2.3 Kaddish forms and their liturgical uses ................................................................ 67 2 3.2.4 Textual analysis of the Kaddish ........................................................................... 76 3.3 AMIDA, KADDISH AND THE LORD’S PRAYER: POINTS OF CONTINUITY AND DISCONTINUITY ................................................................................................... 79 3.3.1 The Lord’s Prayer, the Kaddish, and Messianic expectation ...................................... 85 3.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS .................................................................................. 86 Chapter 4 ................................................................................................................................ 88 Exegetical comparison between the Matthean and Lukan versions of the Lord’s Prayer, and their interpretations from the Patristic to the Reformation periods ............................. 88 4.2 GRECO-ROMAN PRAYER CONCEPT ..................................................................... 89 4.3 THE CHANGING PATTERN OF GRECO-ROMAN PRAYER CONCEPT ........... 92 4.4 EXEGETICAL AND LINGUISTIC COMPARISON OF THE LORD’S PRAYER IN MATTHEW AND LUKE .................................................................................................. 99 4.4.1 Differences and similarities ................................................................................. 99 4.2.2 Lexical and syntactic analysis .............................................................................. 102 4.3 INTERPRETATIONS AND THEOLOGIES ........................................................ 109 4.3.1 The Patristic period............................................................................................ 109 4.4 The Reformation period ........................................................................................ 126 4.4.1 Martin Luther and John Calvin .......................................................................... 126 4.5 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................... 133 Chapter 5 .............................................................................................................................. 139 A critical analyses of existing Ewe translations, and Ewe commentary on the Lord’s Prayer ............................................................................................................................................... 139 5.1 THE BIBLE IN EWE – AN OVERVIEW ............................................................. 139 5.2 THE PLACE OF THE LORD’S PRAYER IN THE EWE LITURGY ................... 142 5.3 RESEARCH FINDINGS ...................................................................................... 144 5.3.1 Interview result .................................................................................................. 144 5.4 DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................... 171 5.4.1 Translation and interpretation of the invocation ................................................. 171 5.4.2 Translation and interpretation of the first petition .............................................. 174 5.4.3 Translation and interpretation of the second petition .......................................... 176 5.4.4 Translation and interpretation of the third petition ............................................. 178 5.4.5 Translation and interpretation of the fourth petition ........................................... 179 5.4.6 Translation and interpretation of the fifth petition .............................................. 182 5.4.7 Translation and interpretation of the sixth petition ............................................. 185 5.4.8 Translation and interpretation of the doxology ................................................... 187 5.4.9 Comparison between Matthew and Luke’s versions of the Lord’s Prayer ........... 188 5.4.10 The relevance of the Lord’s Prayer .................................................................... 190 5.4.11 Popular Ewe Christian prayers today ................................................................. 192 5.5 AN EWE COMMENTARY ON THE LORD’S PRAYER .................................... 194 3 5.5.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 194 5.5.2 Mateo ƒe agbalẽ ta ade kpukpui asieke vaseɖe wietͻ lia me dzodzro/Commentary on the book of Matthew chapter six verses nine to thirteen ........................................... 198 5.5.3 Emedzodzro ...................................................................................................... 202 5.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS ................................................................................ 209 Chapter 6 .............................................................................................................................. 215 Summary, conclusion and recommendations ...................................................................... 215 6.1 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION .....................................................................