Level 1 - 1 Calendars and the History of Time Rob Waring Series Editor Rob Waring Contents Time for All ............................................................. 4 A Calendar in the Head .......................................... 6 The Egyptian Calendar ........................................... 7 Calendars Based on the Moon ................................ 8 A Calendar from Rome ........................................... 9 The Julian Calendar ................................................ 10 The Gregorian Calendar ......................................... 12 Time Is Not the Same for Everyone ....................... 13 Level 1 - 1 Date Formats ........................................................... 14 Calendars and the History of Time Rob Waring What Are BC and AD? ............................................ 15 © 2017 Seed Learning, Inc. Different Systems .................................................... 16 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, ....................................... stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any Can We Go Back in Time? 17 means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Comprehension Questions ........................................... 18 Series Editor: Rob Waring Acquisitions Editor: Liana Robinson Glossary ...................................................................... Copy Editor: Casey Malarcher 19 Cover/Interior Design: Andy Roh World History Timeline ................................................. 21 ISBN: 978-1-9464-5200-9 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 21 20 19 18 17 Time for All All living things understand time. We notice the coming and going of days, seasons, and years. We get old, we age, and we die. Time is all around us. Old and young Time moves on, Kyoto Waiting for rain Being able to understand time and predict when it would rain, or be hot or cold, was very important to farmers and hunters. We needed a schedule of time to record this, so we invented the first calendars. Crops 4 5 A Calendar in the Head The Egyptian Calendar The first calendars were in our One of the earliest calendars heads. People counted the days, came from Egypt. It had 12 every new moon, or the days in months of 30 days. Each month the seasons. But this was not good had three weeks, and each week enough to predict when to plant had 10 days. Counting days crops or bring the animals in for The Karnak Temple, winter. Luxor, Egypt The four seasons An Egyptian calendar, Karnak, Egypt 6 7 Comprehension Questions Glossary 1. How do we understand time? 6. The Julian calendar… ancient very old (a) By the years (a) had a “leap month”. (b) By the seasons (b) is still used today. Anno Domini referring to years after Jesus Christ was born (c) By the changes each day (c) was invented in 29 BC. (d) All of the above (d) had 365 days. Babylonian concerning the ancient city of Babylon 2. Why was it important to record 7. Today we use the … calendar. time? (a) Egyptian BC referring to the years before Jesus Christ was born (a) So we could make a (b) Babylonian calendar (c) Julian Buddhist referring to the religious teachings of Buddha (b) To plant crops (d) Gregorian (c) To predict old age calendar a schedule of dates that shows a year (d) To view the moon 8. Time zones are measured… (a) from London. 3. The first calendars… complicated not simple or easy (b) from Tokyo. (a) came from Europe. (c) from Paris. (b) were in our heads. (d) from Los Angeles. crop a plant or plant product that is grown by farmers (c) decided the seasons. 9. What year is 2020 AD in the (d) had 30 months. Egyptian concerning Egypt Buddhist calendar? 4. How long was the Egyptian (a) 1020 week? Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) the point at which time zones are (b) 1896 (a) 7 days measured from (c) 2020 (b) 10 days (d) 2564 (c) A month equator the imaginary line equal in distance from the North and (d) We don’t know. 10. Where is the International Date Line? South Pole 5. The Babylonians used … to (a) In London calculate the calendar. (b) In the Pacific Ocean founder a person who starts something (a) days (c) On the equator (b) seasons (d) In Rome inaccurate not correct, accurate, or true (c) the moon (d) the sun invent to create something through thought leap a large jump phase a particular period or stage during a process of change 10. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. (b) (d) (a) (d) (d) (c) (b) (b) (b) (d) Key predict to say that an event will happen in the future 18 19 World History Timeline Image Credit/Pages ©Shutterstock: front cover, 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10 middle, 10 bottom, 11 bottom, 12, 13 bottom This chart shows a rough overview of world history. ©iStock: back cover, 11 top, 13 top, 15 bottom, 16 bottom, 17 bottom Some of the dates have been simplifi ed. Wikimedia: 9 top, bottom, 10 top, 15 top, 16 top World History Timeline World History Timeline 3000 BC 2900 BC 2800 BC 2700 BC 2600 BC 2500 BC 2400 BC 2300 BC 2200 BC 2100 BC 2000 BC Pyramids of Giza (built c. 2550-2490 BC) Gudea of Lagash Mediterranean Sea Jerusalem Damietta Gaza Rosetta Dead Sea (c. 2144-2124 BC) Rafah Alexandria Buto Sais Tanis Pelusium Naukratis Busiris Narmer, Egyptian King N Wadi Natrun NW NE Bubastis W E Nile Delta SW SE Merimda Great Bitter S Lake Heliopolis Sahure, Egyptian King 01(km) 00 Cairo 06(mi) 0 Giza Memphis Saqqara Helwan Sinai (c. 3000 BC) Dahshur Timna Faiyum Lower Lake MoerisMeydum (c. 2487-2475 BC) Lahun Egypt Herakleopolis Serabit al-Khadim Gulf of Suez Nile river Bahariya Oasis Gulf of Aqaba Beni Hasan Hermopolis Amarna Asyut Badari Eastern Desert Qau Western Desert Akhmim Red Sea Thinis Abydos Nile river Dendera Quseir Kharga Oasis Naqada Koptos Wadi Hammamat Thebes (Luxor and Karnak) Dakhla Oasis Tod Upper Hierakonpolis Egypt Edfu Kom Ombo Aswan First Cataract Bernike Dunqul Oasis Sargon the Great, Nabta Playa Wadi Allaqi Abu Simbel Akkadian King Buhen Second Cataract Kush Wadi Gabgaba (c. 2340-2284 BC) Nubian Desert Third Cataract Kerma Nile river Kawa Fourth Cataract Indus Valley Napata Gebel Barkal Fifth Cataract Civilization Meroe Cuneiform (c. 3000 BC-100 AD) Old Egyptian Kingdom (c. 2686 BC) Ur III Dynasty (c. 2112-2004 BC) 2900 BC 2800 BC 2700 BC 2600 BC 2500 BC 2400 BC 2300 BC 2200 BC 2100 BC 2000 BC Xia Dynasty Gutian Dynasty Elam (Iran) 5000 BC Mesopotamia (Sumerians) Akkadian Empire Ur III Dynasty Assyria (Early Period) 3100 BC Early Dynastic Period of Egypt Old Egyptian Kingdom Middle Egyptian Kingdom 3650 BC Minoan Civilization (Crete) Minoan Civilization (Crete) 1st Intermediate Period Indus Valley Civilization (India) 3000 BC Early Bronze Age 2900 BC 2800 BC 2700 BC 2600 BC 2500 BC 2400 BC 2300 BC 2200 BC 2100 BC 2000 BC.