The University of Dodoma University of Dodoma Institutional Repository http://repository.udom.ac.tz Humanities Master Dissertations 2018 Factors influencing Language shift: a case of Iraqw Bayo, Phaustini Banga The University of Dodoma Bayo, P. B., (2018). Factors influencing Language shift: a case of Iraqw. Dodoma: The University of Dodoma. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12661/705 Downloaded from UDOM Institutional Repository at The University of Dodoma, an open access institutional repository. FACTORS INFLUENCING LANGUAGE SHIFT: A CASE OF IRAQW PHAUSTINI BANGA BAYO MASTER OF ARTS IN LINGUISTICS THE UNIVERSITY OF DODOMA OCTOBER, 2018 FACTORS INFLUENCING LANGUAGE SHIFT: A CASE OF IRAQW BY PHAUSTINI BANGA BAYO A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN LINGUISTICS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF DODOMA THE UNIVERSITY OF DODOMA OCTOBER, 2018 DECLARATION AND COPYRIGHT I, Phaustini Banga Bayo, declare that this dissertation is my own original work and that it has not been presented and will not be presented to any other University for a similar or any other degree award. Signature……………… No part of this dissertation may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission of the author or the University of Dodoma. If transformed for publication in any other format shall be acknowledged that, this work has been submitted for degree award at the University of Dodoma”. i CERTIFICATION The undersigned certifies that she has read and hereby recommends for the acceptance by the university of Dodoma a dissertation entitled: “Factors Influencing Language Shift: a Case of Iraqw”; in partial fulfillment of the degree of Master of Arts in Linguistics of the University of Dodoma. Signature………………………… Dr. Shingwa Magashi (SUPERVISOR) Date…………………………… ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all those who have contributed towards successful accomplishment of this work. The first and foremost thanks to my creator ALMIGHTY GOD for His endless love, and mercy in my life and my entire family. In a specific way, I express thanks to my supervisor, Dr. Magashi, for her acceptance, academic guidance, comments, her tireless effort, and above all her encouragement towards the successful completion of my master‟s dissertation. I extend my sincere thanks to my brother, Dr. Paschal Nade for his encouragement and support to pursue further studies. His encouragement has brought positive impacts to my academic life. May the Almighty God give you long and better life. The accomplishment of this work would have not been possible without the help of my respondents. I am sincerely thankful to my participants from Getaghul, Mara and Measkron for their genuine willingness to participate during the data collection process. I would like to express my sincere and unique innermost thanks to my wife, Piasis Hance and my daughter, Magreth Phaustini for accepting and supporting my idea to pursue my master‟s studies. I am also heavily indebted to my mother, Martha Masong, my sisters and brothers. Lastly, I would like to thank my M.A linguistics classmates for their academic contribution during my studies. iii DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my mother, Martha Masong, my lovely wife, Piasis Hance Kisuma, my beloved daughter, Magreth Phaustini and my son, Elijah Phaustini. iv ABSTRACT This study aimed to investigate factors influencing language shift from Iraqw to Kiswahili. The study was conducted in Hanang district at Measkron ward. Three villages were selected within the ward to get the respondents for answering the research questions. These are: Measkron, Getaghul and Mara. This study was guided by Gaelic Arvanitika Model under Causality based perspective. In order to fulfill the aim of the study, specific objectives were set. These are: to examine the domains of Iraqw language use; to examine Iraqw speakers‟ attitudes towards their native language, and to investigate the factors facilitating language shift from Iraqw to Kiswahili. This study used both quantitative and qualitative research approaches. The quantitative data were collected through questionnaires from 135 respondents within the study area while the qualitative data were collected through interviews from 05 participants. The data collected through questionnaires were analyzed quantitatively while the ones gathered through interviews were analyzed qualitatively. The findings of the study revealed that the majority of the respondents use Kiswahili in domains such as religion, schools, hospitals, markets and village meetings while Iraqw language is maintained in homes, with friends, relatives, working places and in ritual practices. The majority of the respondents show positive attitudes towards their native language. The study revealed various factors contributing to language shift from Iraqw to Kiswahili. These are: education, inter-linguistic marriages, religious practices, internal migration and bilingualism. The study recommends language scholars to document more on ECLs like Iraqw so as to rescue them from shifting and dying. v TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION AND COPYRIGHT ........................................................................ i CERTIFICATION ...................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................... iii DEDICATION ........................................................................................................... iv ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ v TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................... x LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................... xi LIST OF MAPS ........................................................................................................ xii LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS .................................................... xiii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ..................................................................... 1 1.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Iraqw People and their Language .......................................................................... 1 1.2 Background to the Problem ................................................................................... 5 1.3 Statement of the Problem ...................................................................................... 7 1.4 Objectives of the Study ......................................................................................... 8 1.5 Research Questions ............................................................................................... 8 1.6 Significance of the Study ...................................................................................... 8 1.7 Scope of the Study ................................................................................................ 9 1.8 Definition of Terms ............................................................................................. 10 1.8.1 Language Maintenance .................................................................................... 10 1.8.2 Language Shift ................................................................................................. 11 1.8.3 Language Death ............................................................................................... 11 1.9 Chapter Summary................................................................................................ 11 CHAPTER TWO: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................................................. 12 2.0 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 12 2.1 Theoretical Framework ....................................................................................... 12 2.2 Literature Review ................................................................................................ 14 2.2.1 Studies on the Perception of Language Maintenance and Shift ....................... 14 vi 2.2.2 Studies on Language Choice and Use .............................................................. 16 2.2.3 Studies on Attitudes towards Language Maintenance and Shift ...................... 20 2.2.4 Studies on Socio-economic Factors Influencing Language Shift .................... 22 2.2.5 International Empirical Studies Related to Language Shift ............................. 26 2.2.6 Empirical Studies Related to Language Shift in Tanzania............................... 28 2.3 Research Gap ...................................................................................................... 30 2.4 Chapter Summary................................................................................................ 31 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ..................................... 32 3.0 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 32 3.1 Research Approach ............................................................................................