Panoan Languages and Linguistics DAVID W. FLECK American Museum of Natural History Anthropological Papers, Number 99 Scientific Publications of the American Museum of Natural History American Museum Novitates Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History Publications Committee Robert S. Voss, Chair Board of Editors Jin Meng, Paleontology Lorenzo Prendini, Invertebrate Zoology Robert S. Voss, Vertebrate Zoology Peter M. Whiteley, Anthropology Managing Editor Mary Knight Submission procedures can be found at http://research.amnh.org/scipubs All issues of Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History are available on the web from http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace Order printed copies from http://www.amnhshop.com or via standard mail from American Museum of Natural History—Scientific Publications, Central Park West at 79th St., New York, NY 10024 ∞ This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (permanence of paper). PANOAN LANGUAGES AND LINGUISTICS 2013 FLECK: PANOAN LANGUAGES AND LINGUISTICS 3 PANOAN LANGUAGES AND LINGUISTICS DAVID W. FLECK Division of Anthropology American Museum of Natural History Adjunct Research Associate, Department of Linguistics University of Oregon ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Number 99, 112 pages, 1 map, 11 tables Issued October 10, 2013 Copyright © American Museum of Natural History 2013 ISSN 0065-9452 4 ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 99 2013 FLECK: PANOAN LANGUAGES AND LINGUISTICS 5 CONTENTS Abstract ...................................................................................................................................................... 7 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 9 Classification and inventory of Panoan languages and dialects .................................................... 9 Ethnonyms and orthography .......................................................................................................... 12 Former misconceptions about the Panoan family ...................................................................... 17 On dialects and languages ................................................................................................................ 19 Panoan internal classification and Panoan dispersal ................................................................. 21 Relations to other South American families ....................................................................................... 22 Panoan-Takanan relations ................................................................................................................ 22 Other proposed genetic ties beyond the family ............................................................................ 24 Contact with other Amazonian groups and Kechua speakers .................................................. 24 History of Panoan linguistics ................................................................................................................ 26 The Jesuits (1640s–1768) .................................................................................................................... 26 The Franciscans (1657–1930s) .......................................................................................................... 28 Foreign travelers of the 1800s ........................................................................................................... 32 European philologists of the late 1800s .......................................................................................... 34 A new generation of list collectors and linguists (1900–1930s) ................................................ 34 The Summer Institute of Linguistics (1940s–present) ............................................................... 37 University academics (1970s–present) ........................................................................................... 39 Priorities for future research .................................................................................................................. 41 Typological overview .............................................................................................................................. 43 Phonology ........................................................................................................................................... 43 Morphology ........................................................................................................................................ 43 Syntax ................................................................................................................................................... 44 Ethnolinguistic features ....................................................................................................................... 45 Linguistic taboos ................................................................................................................................ 45 In-law avoidance speech ................................................................................................................... 45 Weeping kinship lexicon .................................................................................................................. 45 Lingua francas and pidgins ............................................................................................................. 46 Ceremonial languages ....................................................................................................................... 46 Gender-specific speech ..................................................................................................................... 46 Game synonymy and pet vocative terms ...................................................................................... 48 References ................................................................................................................................................ 49 Appendix 1: Index of common denomination synonyms, variants, and homonyms ................ 74 5 6 ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 99 Appendix 2: Available linguistic data for Panoan languages and dialects ................................ 93 Appendix 3: Geographic locations of Panoan languages and dialects .................................... 105 TABLES Table 1. Fleck’s classification of Panoan languages and dialects (that have linguistic data available) ................................................................................................. 11 Table 2. Tentative classification of possibly Panoan languages/dialects lacking linguistic data ........................................................................................................................ 13 Table 3. Panoan intrafamily homonymy ........................................................................................... 18 Table 4. Interfamily homonymy .......................................................................................................... 20 Table 5. Proposed affiliations of Pano-Takanan with other languages and/or families ............. 25 Table 6. Published Panoan linguistic works by Franciscans ......................................................... 31 Table 7. Publications from the 1800s containing Panoan linguistic data ................................... 31 Table 8. Languages and dialects that became known during the first third of the 20th century .................................................................................................. 35 Table 9. Languages studied in detail by the Summer Institute of Linguistics ........................... 38 Table 10. Languages that have been the subject of linguistics theses by academics ................. 40 Table 11. Articles on Panoan languages published in the International Journal of American Linguistics ................................................................. 42 MAP Map 1. Locations of Panoan languages ................................................................................................ 8 6 2013 FLECK: PANOAN LANGUAGES AND LINGUISTICS 7 ABSTRACT Knowledge of Panoan languages and linguistics has increased significantly over the last several decades. The present paper draws upon this new information to produce a current internal classification of all the extant and extinct languages in the Panoan family based on lexical, phonological, and grammatical comparisons. This classification pays special attention to distinguishing dialects from independent languages and to mismatches that exist between linguistically defined languages and socially defined ethnic groups. An evaluation of previ- ously proposed genetic relations to other language families is followed by a discussion of lexi- cal borrowing and possible areal diffusion of grammatical features from and into neighboring non-Panoan languages and Kechua. The history of Panoan linguistics is chronicled from the first Jesuit and Franciscan vocabularies to the most recent contributions, and priorities for future research are suggested. A typological overview of Panoan phonology, morphology, and syntax is provided along with descriptions of some of the extraordinary linguistic features found in the family. Name taboos, postmortem word taboos, in-law avoidance languages, trade languages,