REINTERPRETING MARZAHN, BERLIN & PETRŽALKA, BRATISLAVA: FROM PROCESS OF STATE SOCIALIST UTOPIA TO UTOPIA OF STATE CAPITALIST PROCESS DISSERTATION zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doctor philosophiae (Dr. phil.) an der Fakultät Architektur und Urbanistik der BAUHAUS-UNIVERSITÄT WEIMAR in Kotutelle-Vereinbarung mit Pavol Jozef Šafárik University Košice (Slovakia) vorgelegt von Azmah Arzmi geb. 14 Januar 1988 Weimar, 2020 Gutachter Prof. Dr. phil. habil. Max Welch Guerra Assoc. Prof. Dr. Matěj Spurný Prof Dr. Martin Pekar Tag der Disputation: 16 Dezember 2020 Declaration of Honour I declare that I have composed this thesis solely by myself and that I have not submitted it to any other publisher or institution. I confirm that this doctoral dissertation complies with academic standards. The work is my own, and I have received no additional sources other than those specified and appropriately referenced. Azmah Arzmi 20 April 2020 Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................ i Acknowledgements ..............................................................................................................................v List of Acronyms ............................................................................................................................... vii Preface .............................................................................................................................................. viii Chapter 1 Introduction & Methodology ...........................................................................................................1 1.1 General Issues .................................................................................................................................1 1.2 City as Historical Product ..............................................................................................................4 1.3 State of the Art................................................................................................................................5 1.4 Research Aim .................................................................................................................................8 1.5 Marzahn and Petržalka ...................................................................................................................9 1.6 Methodology 1.6.1 Comparative Method .............................................................................................................10 1.6.2 Historical Institutionalism .....................................................................................................10 1.6.3 Actor-Network Theory ..........................................................................................................11 1.7 Conceptual Framework .................................................................................................................12 1.8 Scope and Limitations ..................................................................................................................16 1.9 Overview of Chapters ...................................................................................................................16 References ..........................................................................................................................................17 Chapter 2 Genesis of Actors & Institutions after WWII to late 1960s .....................................................21 2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................21 2.2 Industrialisation of the Construction Industry 2.2.1 Development in the GDR ......................................................................................................22 2.2.2 Development in Czechoslovakia ...........................................................................................24 2.3 Structure & Administration 2.3.1 Evolution in the GDR ............................................................................................................27 2.3.2 Evolution in Czechoslovakia .................................................................................................31 2.4 Historical Institutional Analysis ..................................................................................................36 2.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................37 References ..........................................................................................................................................38 Chapter 3 Conception of Housing Building Programmes ...........................................................................41 3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................41 3.2 GDR 3.2.1 Antecedent Conditions ..........................................................................................................42 3.2.2 Critical Juncture: Wohnungsbauprogramm under Honecker ...............................................42 3.2.3 Weaponisation of Existing Modern Planning Tools .............................................................43 3.2.4 Urban Capacity ......................................................................................................................44 3.2.5 Vision of Marzahn .................................................................................................................45 3.2.6 Realignment ..........................................................................................................................47 3.3 Czechoslovakia 3.3.1 Antecedent Conditions ..........................................................................................................48 3.3.2 Critical Juncture: Prague Spring and its Aftermath ...............................................................48 3.3.3 Expansion of Industry and Territorial Planning Laws ..........................................................50 3.3.4 Weaponisation of Enhanced Modern Planning Tools ...........................................................51 3.3.5 Urban Capacity ......................................................................................................................52 3.3.6 Vision of Petržalka ................................................................................................................53 3.3.7 Realignment ..........................................................................................................................54 3.4 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................55 References ..........................................................................................................................................55 Chapter 4 Between General Development Planning and Territorial Planning: Different Scalar Approaches ...........................................................................................................59 4.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................59 4.2 GDR ..............................................................................................................................................61 4.3 Czechoslovakia .............................................................................................................................63 4.4 Different Problems in Practice .....................................................................................................66 4.5 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................68 References ..........................................................................................................................................70 Chapter 5 Influence of Transportation Network Policies In The Planning Process .............................74 5.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................74 5.2 History of Mobility Infrastructures in Berlin 5.2.1 Expansion of Groß-Berlin along with Transportation Networks before WWII ....................76 5.2.2 GDR’s legacy of Public Transportation Systems and Tangentialverbindung .......................77 5.3 History of Mobility Infrastructures in Bratislava 5.3.1 How Modern Planning began in Bratislava under the Austro-Hungarian Empire ................81 5.3.2 Czechoslovakian Legacy of Light Rail Tram system and the Prague-Brno-Bratislava Highway .........................................................................................................................................83 5.4 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................86 References ..........................................................................................................................................87 Chapter 6 Production Stage & Urban Outcomes ..........................................................................................89 6.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................89