STATE OF MICHIGAN CONTENTS. MICHIGAN GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SURVEY CHAPTER VI. Temperatures of the Copper Mines. .........2 Publication 6. Geological Series 4. 1. Importance of the Subject. ........................................2 Volume 2. 2. Mean Annual Temperature of Air..............................2 THE KEWEENAW SERIES OF MICHIGAN 3. Mean Annual Temperature of Upper Mine Levels. ...3 Beginning with Chapter V., § 18. For Table of Contents 4. Rate of Increase........................................................3 and List of Illustrations see Volume 1. 5. Explanation. ..............................................................4 6. Mathematical Solution...............................................7 7. Propagation of Hot and Cold Waves Into Snow by BY H. L. Curtis and A. D. Peters..........................................8 ALFRED C. LANE CHAPTER VII. Mine Waters. ............................................9 1. Historical Introduction................................................9 2. Summary of Results..................................................9 3. Methods and Precautions. ......................................11 4. Iron Country Mine Waters. ......................................11 5. Copper Country Waters. .........................................15 6. Wide-spread Character of the Calcium Chloride Waters..........................................................................35 7. Gases in Rock and Water. ......................................35 PUBLISHED AS A PART OF THE ANNUAL REPORT 0F THE BOARD OF GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SURVEY FOR 8. Discussion...............................................................36 1909 CHAPTER VIII. The Formation of Copper......................37 1. Artificial....................................................................37 LANSING, MICHIGAN 2. Reactions of Rock and Water in the Keweenawan.39 WYNKOOP HALLENBECK CRAWFORD CO., STATE CHAPTER IX. Comparison with Similar Deposits ..........48 PRINTERS 1911 1. Comparable Deposits..............................................48 BOARD OF GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SURVEY, 2. New Jersey. ............................................................48 1911. 3. Origin of New Jersey Copper..................................49 EX OFFICIO: 4. Bolivia......................................................................50 5. Oberstein, Germany................................................52 THE GOVERNOR OF THE STATE, HON. CHASE S. OSBORN, President. 6. Comments...............................................................52 CHAPTER X. The Development of the Copper Mines of THE SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, HON. L. L. WRIGHT, Secretary. Lake Superior and their Geological Relations by A. H. Meuche ............................................................................54 THE PRESIDENT OF THE STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION, HON. D. M. FERRY, JUNIOR. Appendix. .....................................................................71 DIRECTOR, R. C. ALLEN. SCIENTIFIC ADVISORS. Geologists. -- Dr. L. L. Hubbard, Houghton; Prof. W. H. Hobbs, Ann Arbor; Prof. W. H. Sherzer, Ypsilanti. Botanists. -- Prof. E. A. Bessey, East Lansing; Prof. F. C. Newcomb, Ann Arbor. Zoologists. -- Prof, W. B. Barrows, East Lansing; Prof. J. Reighard, Ann Arbor; Dr. Bryant Walker, Detroit. Publication 6, Geological Series 4 -- Chapters 6-10 – Page 1 of 80 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. § 2. MEAN ANNUAL TEMPERATURE OF AIR. FIGURES. The average mean temperatures of the Upper Peninsula, according to the map (Fig. 1) furnished by the Fig. 57. Diagram to illustrate distribution of temperature in the State Weather Bureau for U. S. Geol. Sur., Water Supply earth’s crust after the outflow of Keweenawan lavas........7 Paper 31, would be 38° to 42° F. Calumet is about 1200 Fig. 58. Diagram illustrating connection between specific A. T. (See Pl. IX.) The record of temperature at gravity and concentration of mine waters .......................11 Calumet is not quite so long as that at Marquette. The Fig. 59. Challenge exploration of St. Marys Company with the former runs only from July, 1887 to March, 1910 and the concentration of the mine waters plotted thereon...........32 average for the various months and for the year are, as given by the State Weather Survey, C. F. Schneider, Fig. 60. Plan of Victoria mine with concentration of mine director, as follows: waters plotted thereon. ...................................................41 1See “Mineral Industry,” 1895, p. 767, “How Deep can we Mine?” A. C. Fig. 61. Theoretical circulation of water from beneath high Lane. ground. ...........................................................................41 Fig. 62. Cliff mine in 1850......................................................59 Fig. 63. Horse Whim..............................................................59 Fig. 64. Cornish Stamp mill. ..................................................60 Fig. 65. Atlantic skip. .............................................................64 Fig. 66. Ball Stamp of 1875. ..................................................65 Fig. 67. Sketch of man-engine...............................................69 Fig. 68. Floating levers.. ........................................................70 Fig. 69. Flow sheet of Stamp mill.. ........................................71 CHAPTER VI. TEMPERATURE OF THE COPPER If we assume that during December, January, February MINES. and March, owing to the snowy covering, the temperature of the ground is practically 32°, (as it is § 1. IMPORTANCE OF THE SUBJECT. where covered on the level with snow? though of course, there are spots which are exposed and frozen much In Fernekes’ and Stokes’ experiments on the deposition deeper where the wind has blown away the snow) and if of copper leading to the formation of native copper very we suppose also that during the month of April, when the analogous to that found in the mines, the solution was mean annual temperature is 37°, the soil temperature is unequally heated, copper being deposited in the lower or still kept down by the blanketing of snow to 32°, we shall hotter end. It will be quite fitting, therefore, to discuss have an increase of 4.10° to add to the mean annual what effect the fact that the mines are hotter at the temperature (39.4°) to get the mean soil temperature,— bottom has had on the deposition of copper and for that that is 43.7°. This is near enough in agreement with reason alone to gather facts as to the temperatures other observations and with the temperatures of the prevailing in the copper mines, but these temperatures upper mine levels considering the rough method of have also a bearing on the solubility of various approach. The temperature (43.3°F at 80 feet) of the substances, and on the probable circulation of water. flow of water from the Calumet and Hecla drill hole No. From a practical point of view, also, they are of 10, would indicate a somewhat lower mean soil importance as they might limit depth in mining. Too temperature, but it must be remembered that the great heat decreases the efficiency of men, though it covering of snow is quite irregular, and the correction increases that of compressed air machines. It might, due to it, which as we have seen is a very appreciable therefore, involve an extra expense in ventilation, which one, must be equally irregular. The thirty-three year might turn a proposition from a profitable to an mean for Marquette (which is only 600-700 A. T.) is 40.5 unprofitable one. However, at what seems to be the F.1 The difference may be attributed to elevation and actual rate of increase, 1°F for each 100 feet or more, exposure. Jackson gives the mean temperature of beginning at a temperature of 43°F, it is probable that Copper Falls as 42.11° F, but I do not know the length of the increased cost of hoisting and keeping up the roof time of the observations. It is true, however, that mean 1 will be more vital factors. temperatures for one year as high as that are reported very frequently at Marquette. Foster and Whitney (p. 41) give the following mean annual temperatures: Publication 6, Geological Series 4 -- Chapters 6-10 – Page 2 of 80 1U. S. Dept. Agr. Weather Bureau (Bulletin S) No. 408, April 1909. § 4. RATE OF INCREASE. An article by H. A. Wheeler1 gives observations on mine temperatures as follows: Numerous other data may be obtained from C. F. Schneider of Grand Rapids, chief of the State Weather service. § 3. MEAN ANNUAL TEMPERATURE OF UPPER MINE LEVELS. If we wish to get the mean annual temperature of upper In the 1901 report, page 245, I gave some tests at the mine levels we may make direct observations which are Champion Copper mine, in 1902 at the Champion Iron liable to be affected by the ventilation of the mines. We mine and Freda, and I have other notes all tabulated are able to make better inferences from diamond drill below: holes, in case water flows from them,—as occasionally Depths in parentheses are vertical from surface; does happen. The temperatures of springs are also of otherwise they are along the lode or hole, and may or importance. may not be. Of especial interest are the observations made by C. T. 1 1 Am. Jour. Sci. (1886) XXXII, Art. 13, pp. 125-138. Also St. Louis Jackson in his old report since they were taken before Acad. Sci. mines were deep and there was a chance for heating effect by warm air rising from below. We may make the following tabulation from his report. It may be worth noting that (p. 498) temperatures for Lake Superior ran from 9° to 2.5° C mainly about