<. io^- XU^t^^^-^^^ MUS. COM P. ZOOU. LIBRARY OF KANSAS MISCELLANEOUS UNIVERSITY PUBLICATION MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY SEP 5 1978 NO. 65 HARVARD UNIVERSITY The Biology of an Equatorial Herpetofauna in Amazonian Ecuador By William E. Duellman UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAWRENCE 1978 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY The University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History, beginning with volume 1 in 1946, was discontinued with volume 20 in 1971. Shorter research papers fonnerly published in the above series are now published as Occasional Papers, Museum of Natural History. The Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Natural History, began with number 1 in 1946. Longer research papers are pub- lished in that series. Monographs of the Museum of Natural History were initiated in 1970. All manuscripts are subjected to critical review by intra- and extramural specialists; final acceptance is at the discretion of the publications committee. Institutional libraries interested in exchanging publications may obtain the Occa- sional Papers and Miscellaneous Publications by addressing the Exchange Librarian, University of Kansas Library, Lawrence, Kansas 66045. Individuals may purchase separate numbers of all series. Prices may be obtained upon request addressed to Publications Secretary, Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, Law- rence, Kansas 66045. The University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Miscellaneous Publication No. 65 August 30. 197S The Biology o£ an Equatorial Herpetofauna in Amazonian Ecuador By William E. Duellman Curator Division of Herpetologij Museum of Natural History Professor Department of Systematics and Ecology The University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas 66045 U.S.A. Publication Supported by a Grant from the National Science Foundation (DEB 77-28380) The Unwersity of Kansas Lawrence 1978 University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History Editor: Linda Trueb Miscellaneous Publication No. 65 pp. 1-352; 198 figures; 34 tables Published August 30, 1978 Museum of Natural History The University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas 66045 U.S.A. Printed by Univehsity or Kansas Prixtixg Ser\ice Lawrence, Kansas CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 9 Acknowledgments 10 Scope of study 11 Methods 13 Reliability and Limitations of Data 13 Description of the Area 14 Physiography and Hydrography 17 Climate 19 Vegetation 22 Habitats 27 IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIES 29 Key to the Orders and Suborders of Amphibians and Reptiles 30 Key to the Caecilians 31 Key to the Salamanders 31 Key to the Frogs 31 Key to the Turtles 48 Key to the Crocodilians 49 Key to the Lizards and Amphisbaenians 49 Key to the Snakes 58 Key to the Known Tadpoles 70 SPECIES ACCOUNTS 78 Caecilians 79 Caeciliidae 79 Caecilia disossea Taylor 79 Caecilia tentaculata (Linnaeus) 79 Microcaecilia albiceps (Boulenger) 79 Oscaecilia hassleri (Dunn) 80 Siphonops annulatus (Mikan) 80 Salamanders 80 Plethodontidae 80 Bolitoglossa ecuadoriana Brame and Wake 80 Bolitoglossa peruviana (Boulenger) 80 Frogs 82 Pipidae 82 Pipa pipa (Linnaeus) 82 Leptodactylidae 83 Adenomera andreae (Miiller) 83 Ceratophrys cormita (Linnaeus) 85 Edalorhina perezi Jimenez de la Espada 86 Eleiitherodactijlus acuminatus Shreve 86 Eleutherodactyhis altamazonicus Barbour and Dunn 87 Eleutherodactijlus conspicUlatus (Giinther) 89 Eleutherodactyhis croceoinguinis Lynch 90 Eleutherodactyhis diadematus (Jimenez de la Espada) 91 Eleutlierodactylus lacrimosus (Jimenez de la Espada) 92 Eleutherodactyhis lanthanites Lynch 93 Eleutlierodactylus martiae Lynch 94 Eleutlierodactylus nigrovittatus Andersson 96 Eleutlierodactylus ockendeni (Boulenger) 97 Eleiitherodacfyhis orphnolaimus Lynch 98 Eleutherodactyhis pauhdus Lynch 98 EJeutherodactyJus pseudoacuminotiis Shreve 99 Eleutherodactyhis quaqtiaversus Lynch 100 Eleutherodactyhis sulcatus (Cope) 102 Eleutherodactyhis variahdis Lynch 103 Ischnocncma quixensis (Jimenez de la Espada) 104 Leptodactyhis discodactylus Boulenger 105 Leptodactylus mystaceus (Spix) 107 Leptodactyhis pentadactylus (Laurenti) 108 Leptodactylus rhodomystax Boulenger 111 Leptodactylus stenodema Jimenez de la Espada 112 Leptodactylus ivagneri (Peters) 112 Lithodytes lincatus (Schneider) 114 Physalaemus petersi (Jimenez de la Espada) 115 Bufonidae 116 Bufo glaberritiius (Giinther) 116 Bufo inarinus (Linnaeus) 117 Bufo typhonhis (Linnaeus) 118 Dendrophryniscus muiutus (Melin) 120 Dendrobatidae 121 Colostethus marchesianus (Melin) 121 Colostethus saidi Edwards 123 Dendrobates parvulus Boulenger 124 Dendrobates pictus pictus Dumeril and Bibron 125 Dendrobates quinquevitfatiis Steindachner 125 Phyllobates femoralis (Boulenger) 126 Hylidae 127 Hemiphractus proboscideus (Jimenez de la Espada) 127 Hyla alboguttata Boulenger 128 Hyla bifurca Andersson 130 Hyla boons (Linnaeus) 131 Hyla bokermanni Coin 133 Hyla brevifrons Duellman and Crump 135 Hyla calcarata Troschel . 137 Hyla cruentonima Duellman 139 Hyla fasciata Giinther 140 Hyla favosa Cope 142 143 Hyla funerea ( Cope ) Hyla garbei (Miranda-Ribeiro) 144 Hyla geographica Spix 146 Hyla granosa Boulenger 148 Hyla lanciformis (Cope) 150 Hyla leucophyllata (Bereis) 152 Hyla marmorata (Laurenti) 153 Hyla minuta Peters 155 Hyla parviceps Boulenger 156 Hyla punctata (Schneider) 158 Hyla rhodopepla Giinther 159 Hyla riveroi Cochran and Goin 161 Htjla rossalleni Goin 162 Hijla rubra Laurenti 163 Hyla sarayacuensis Shreve 165 Hyla triangulum Giinther 167 Nyctimantis rugiceps Boulenger . 168 Osteocephalus huckleyi (Boulenger) 170 Osteocephahis leprieurii (Dumeril and Bibron) 171 Osteocephalus taurinus Steindachner 172 coriacea Peters Phyrnohyas ( ) 173 Phrynohyas venulosa (Laurenti) 174 Phyllomedusa paUiata Peters 176 PhyUomcdusa tarsius (Cope) 177 Phyllomedusa tomopterna (Cope) 179 Phyllomedusa vaillanti Boulenger 180 Sphaenorhynchus carneus (Cope) 181 Sphaenorhynchus eurhostus Rivero 182 Centrolenidae 183 Centrolenella midas Lynch and Duellman 183 Centrolenella munozorum Lvnch and Duellman 184 Centrolenella resplendens Lynch and Duellman 185 Ranidae 186 Rana palmipes Spix 186 Microhylidae 187 Chiasmocleis anatipes Walker and Duellman 187 Chiasmocleis hassleri Dunn 188 Chiasmocleis ventrimacidata (Andersson) 189 Ctenophryne geayi Mocquard 190 Hamptophryne holiviana (Parker) 190 Syncope antenori Walker 192 Turtles 192 Chehidae 192 Chelus fimbriatus (Schneider) 192 Mesoclemnujs gibba (Schweigger) 192 Phrynops geoffroanus tuberosus (Peters) 193 Platemys platycephala (Schneider) 193 Kinosternidae 193 Kinosternon scorpioides (Linnaeus) 193 Testudinidae 194 Geochelone denticulata (Linnaeus) 194 Crocodilians 194 Crocodylidae 194 Caiman crocodilus crocodilus ( Linnaeus ) 194 Paleosuchus trigonatus (Schneider) 195 Lizards 195 Gekkonidae 195 Gonatodes concinnatus (O'Shaughnessy) 195 Pseudogonatodes guianensis Parker 196 Thecadactylus rapicauda (Houttuyn) 197 Iguanidae 198 Anolis chrysolepis scypheus Cope 198 Anolis fuscoauratus fiiscoouratus D'Orbigny 199 Anolis ortonii Cope . 200 Anolis punctatiis boulengeri O'Shaughnessy 201 Anolis trachyderma Cope 201 Anolis transversalis Dumeril 202 Enyalioides cofanonim Duellman 203 Enijalioides laticeps fesfae Peracca 204 Plica umbra ocJirocoIlaris (Spix) 206 Polychrus marmoratus (Linnaeus) 207 Uracentron flaviceps (Guichenot) 208 Scincidae 208 208 Mabitya mabouya" (Lacepede) Teiidae 209 Alopoglossus atriventris Duellman 209 Alopoglossus copii Boulenger 210 Ameiva ameiva petersii Cope 210 Arthrosatira reticulata (O'Shaughnessy) 213 Bachia trinasale trinasale (Cope) 213 Dracaena guianensis Daudin 214 Iphisa elegans Gray 215 Kentropyx pelviceps Cope 215 Leposoma parietale ( Cope ) 217 Neusticurus ecpleopus Cope 218 Prionodactylus argulus (Peters) 220 Prionodacfylus manicatus (O'Shaughnessy) 221 PtycJioglossus brevifrontalis Boulenger 222 Tupinambis teguixin (Linnaeus) 223 Amphisbaenians 224 Amphisbaenidae 224 Amphisbaena fuliginosa Linnaeus 224 Snakes 224 Aniliidae 224 Anilius scytale (Linnaeus) 224 Boidae 225 Boa constrictor constrictor Linnaeus 225 Corallus caninus (Linnaeus) 225 Corallus enydris enydris (Linnaeus) 226 Epicrates cenchria cenchria (Linnaeus) 226 Eunectes murinus murinus (Linnaeus) 227 Colubridae 227 Atractus claps (Giinther) 227 Atractus major Boulenger 229 Attractus occipitoalbus (Jan) 230 Chironius carinatus (Linnaeus) 231 Chironius fiiscus (Linnaeus) 232 Chironius midtiventris Schmidt and Walker 233 Chironius scurrulus (Wagler) 234 235 Clelia clelia clelia ( Daudin ) Dendrophidion dcndrophis (Schlegel) 236 Dipsas catesbyi (Sentzen) - 237 Dipsas indica ecuadorensis Peters 238 Dipsas pavonina Schlegel 239 Drepanoides anomalus (Jan) _.._ 240 Dnjmohius rhomhifer (Gunther) 240 Drymohiber dichrous (Peters) 241 Enjthrolamprus aescidapu aescidapii (Linnaeus) 242 Helicops angulatiis (Linnaeus) 242 Helicops petersi Rossman 243 Imantodes cenchoa cenchoa (Linnaeus) 244 Imantodes lentiferus (Cope) 245 Leimadopliis reginae (Linnaeus) 246 Leimadophis sp. 247 Leptodeira aimidata annuJata (Linnaeus) 247 Leptophis aluietuUa nigroinarginatus (Giinther) 249 Liophis cohella (Linnaeus) 250 ISlinia hudsoni Parker 250 Oxybelis argenteus (Daudin) 251 Oxyrhopus formosus (Wied) 253 Oxyrhopits meJanogenys (Tschudi) 253 Oxyrhopus petola digitalis (Reuss) 254 Pseudoboa coronata Schneider 255 Pseustes sidphureiis sidphureus (Wagler) 255 255 Rhadinaea brevirostris ( Peters ) Siphlophis cervimis (Laurenti) 256 Tantilla melanocephala melanocephala (Linnaeus) 256 Tripanurgos compressus (Daudin) 258 Xenodon severus (Linnaeus) 258 Xenopholis scalaris (Wucherer) 260 Elapidae 260 Leptomicrurus nardiiccii (Jan) 260 Micrurus