Uralic Studies PhD Program Graduate School in Linguistics University of Szeged Boglárka Janurik Erzya–Russian bilingual discourse: A structural analysis of intrasentential code-switching patterns PhD dissertation Supervisor: Magdolna Kovács, PhD, Adjunct Professor Szeged, 2017 To my grandparents Table of Contents Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................................i List of abbreviations ......................................................................................................................... ii Chapter 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2. Sociohistorical background of the Erzya–Russian contact situation .............................. 6 2.1. Mordvin or Erzya and Moksha? ..................................................................................................... 6 2.2. Present situation of the Erzya ........................................................................................................ 9 2.3. History of the Erzya–Russian contacts...........................................................................................14 Chapter 3. Typological overview of the Erzya and the Russian language ...................................... 30 3.1. Phonology ....................................................................................................................................31 3.2. Morphosyntax ..............................................................................................................................33 3.2.1. Nominal constructions ...........................................................................................................33 3.2.1.1. Declensions and cases ....................................................................................................33 3.2.1.2. Constituent order ..........................................................................................................34 3.2.1.3. Numeral phrases ............................................................................................................35 3.2.1.4. Nominal predicates ........................................................................................................37 3.2.2. Verbal constructions ..............................................................................................................38 3.2.3. Possessive constructions .......................................................................................................40 3.2.4. Necessity ...............................................................................................................................41 3.2.5. Word order ...........................................................................................................................42 Chapter 4. Earlier research on contacts between Finno-Ugric languages and Russian ................ 44 4.1. The study of code-switching in other minor Finno-Ugric languages ...............................................45 4.1.1. The differentiation between code-switching and borrowing ..................................................49 4.1.2. Code-switching types in other minor Finno-Ugric languages ..................................................51 4.2. Earlier studies on Erzya–Russian code-switching ...........................................................................52 Chapter 5. Theoretical background ................................................................................................ 61 5.1. Code-switching .............................................................................................................................62 5.1.1. The definition of code-switching ............................................................................................62 5.1.2. Code-switching and borrowing ..............................................................................................64 5.2. Main issues of structural studies on code-switching .....................................................................66 5.2.1. The scope of code-switching research ...................................................................................66 5.2.2. Constraints ............................................................................................................................68 5.2.3. The matrix language ..............................................................................................................69 5.3. The applied models ......................................................................................................................70 5.3.1. The Matrix Language Frame model ........................................................................................71 5.3.2. Muysken’s typology ...............................................................................................................73 5.3.3. Code-switching and contact induced change .........................................................................75 5.3.3.1. Johanson’s Code-Copying Model....................................................................................75 5.3.3.2. Backus’s usage-based model ..........................................................................................77 5.3.4. Sebba’s model .......................................................................................................................79 5.3.5. Gafaranga’s model ................................................................................................................81 5.4. Continuum models .......................................................................................................................82 5.4.1. Auer’s continuum ..................................................................................................................82 5.4.2. Kovács’s distance-based model .............................................................................................84 Chapter 6. Data and methodology ................................................................................................. 86 6.1. The two data sets .........................................................................................................................86 6.2. Methods of data collection and analysis .......................................................................................88 Chapter 7. The Erzya–Russian code-switching discourse .............................................................. 92 7.1. Alternation ...................................................................................................................................95 7.1.1. Alternation with a pragmatic function ...................................................................................96 7.1.2. Alternation without a pragmatic function ............................................................................ 100 7.1.3. Alternation or insertion? ..................................................................................................... 104 7.2. Insertion and congruent lexicalization ........................................................................................ 108 7.2.1. Discourse particles .............................................................................................................. 109 7.2.2. Nominal constructions ......................................................................................................... 116 7.2.2.1. Numeral phrases .......................................................................................................... 116 7.2.2.1.1. Numeral phrases as Embedded Language islands ......................................... 117 7.2.2.1.2. Mixed numeral phrases ................................................................................ 122 7.2.2.2. Nominal phrases with a genitive modifier .................................................................... 128 7.2.2.2.1. Embedded language island-type insertions ................................................... 129 7.2.2.2.2. Mixed nominal phrases ................................................................................ 132 7.2.3. Verbal constructions ............................................................................................................ 139 7.2.3.1. General questions of code-switched verbal constructions ............................................ 140 7.2.3.1.1. Direct transfer: inserted mixed verbal constituents ...................................... 140 7.2.3.1.2. Paradigm transfer: inserted Embedded Language islands ............................. 147 7.2.3.2. Necessity ..................................................................................................................... 155 7.2.3.2.1. Congruent necessive constructions............................................................... 156 7.2.3.2.2. Constructions with the adjective dolžen and the first infinitive ..................... 157 7.2.3.3. Gender agreement ....................................................................................................... 161 7.2.3.3.1. Gender agreement with predicative adjectives ............................................. 161 7.2.3.3.2. Gender agreement with verbal predicates .................................................... 163 7.2.3.3.3. Animacy hierarchy and gender agreement ................................................... 169 7.3.