M. Nikšić, S. Gašparović: Geographic and Traffic Aspects of Possibilities for Implementing Ropeway Systems in Passenger Transport MLADEN NIKŠIĆ, M.Sc. Transport Engineering E-mail: [email protected] Review University of Zagreb, Accepted: Mar. 17, 2010 Faculty of Transport and Traffic Sciences Approved: Sept. 15, 2010 Vukelićeva 4, HR-10000 Zagreb, Republic of Croatia SLAVEN GAŠPAROVIĆ, Ph.D. student E-mail: [email protected] University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science Department of Geography Marulićev trg 19, HR-10000 Zagreb, Republic of Croatia GEOGRAPHIC AND TRAFFIC ASPECTS OF POSSIBILITIES FOR IMPLEMENTING ROPEWAY SYSTEMS IN PASSENGER TRANSPORT SUMMARY The research done until now about the ropeways shows that the ropeways have been relatively well The paper studies the ropeways as a special subgroup studied from the aspect of technical sciences, i.e. of land traffic system from the interdisciplinary aspect of the transport science. The foreign authors have studied traffic sciences and geography. The ropeways have seen a the problems of ropeways, dealing with technical and propulsive technical and technological development over technological characteristics of ropeways, develop- the last several decades. Therefore, the paper gives an over- view of the types of ropeways with special emphasis on the ment of the ropeway systems of single countries, safe- technologically most advanced ropeways. Regarding the ty on ropeways and on ski areas, relationship between lack of studies on the ropeway issues in Croatia, the space the ropeways and tourist infrastructure and the prob- distribution of ropeways in the Republic of Croatia has been lems of ropeway capacities. Their research has been analysed. The ropeways, as well as other transport modes, applied to the territory of Slovenia, Austria, Germany, affect the space, and since ropeways are considered envi- etc. There are very few Croatian scientists who are in- ronmentally friendly traffic modes, their impact on the envi- volved in the study of ropeways, particularly the prob- ronment is analysed, both in the mountains and in the cities. lems of ropeways in Croatia [1], [2]. Moreover, the economic influence of ropeways on the sur- rounding area is studied as well. From the geographic aspect, especially the traf- fic geography, the topic of ropeways has been poorly KEY WORDS studied since only one paper refers geographically to ropeways, and in this it does it as part of the public ropeway, surface lift, aerial ropeway, chairlift, gondola, fu- urban transport [3]. nicular The majority of the past research refers to rope- ways in mountainous areas, and few papers cover the 1. INTRODUCTION topic of ropeways in cities as a form of public urban transport. Traffic sciences and geography are partly comple- Therefore, the objective of this paper is to approach mentary in their research. Since the geography is a in an interdisciplinary manner the study of ropeways science about the objects, phenomena and processes for the carriage of people and from a dualistic point of in geo-sphere and their interdependence and about view of the transport sciences and the geography to the functional arrangement of space and the human define the notion of ropeways and an attempt will be – environment relationship, this automatically makes made to find their place in the traffic system, to give transport one of the objects of study in geography, a presentation of the historical development of rope- within the frame of geographic discipline which is ways, to study the problems of ropeway types, to pres- called transport geography1. The motive of this paper ent the condition of the ropeway traffic in the Republic is the interdisciplinary method of processing the prob- of Croatia and to study the problems of ropeway im- lems in the area of transport, in this case, the rope- pact on the environment (in mountainous regions and ways. in the cities), as well as the economic impact of rope- Promet – Traffic&Transportation, Vol. 22, 2010, No. 5, 389-398 389 M. Nikšić, S. Gašparović: Geographic and Traffic Aspects of Possibilities for Implementing Ropeway Systems in Passenger Transport ways on the space. The methodology used is the one typical for the traffic sciences (methods of traffic de- mand analyses, functionality, justification of introduc- tion into traffic) and geography (cartographic method, processing and analysis of the statistical data). 2. DEFINITION OF ROPEWAYS AND THEIR PLACE IN THE TRAFFIC SYSTEM Whether approached from the viewpoint of traffic sciences or geography, according to the geographic environment in which it operates, traffic is generally divided into: land (road and rail), air, water (sea and inland waterways), pipelines, telecommunication and Figure 1 – Fausto Veranzio's ropeway postal traffic. Source: http://www.nsk.hr/HeritageDetails.aspx?id=378, Ropeways represent a special form of land trans- 01. 03. 2010. port with different types of designs and geographic way in the world that was used entirely for the carriage environments in which they operate (on the ground of skiers was erected in 1908 in the German place i.e. snow, in the air, underground) and therefore they Schollach in the Schwarzwald Mountains. At that time are difficult to include in one of the subgroups of land the leading countries regarding the number of rope- traffic, thus occupying a special place in transport sys- ways were Germany, Austria and Switzerland whereas tem of a certain space. Ropeways represent a type of Italy and France joined them a bit later. It should be transport of people or cargo by vehicles (cabin, chair emphasised that the United States of America did not or basket) attached to a rope [4], [5]. lag significantly behind Europe, and it is assumed that The notion of ropeway is usually related to the car- the first chairlift in the world was constructed precisely riage of skiers2 and other tourists in the mountains, in the USA in the Sun Valley in 1936. but ropeways today are generally used to carry people The real development and construction of rope- (mostly in the mountainous regions, but also in urban ways in the world started after the World War II. It is environments as a type of public urban passenger estimated that in Europe until 1990 about 20,000 transport) and material goods (e.g. transport of stone, ropeways had been constructed [6]. Today’s estimates ores, wood, etc.). according to the International Organisation for Trans- portation by Rope (OITAF) range around the number of 3. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 30,000 different types of ropeways in the world, and about 58% are ropeways in the European Union coun- OF ROPEWAYS tries [7]. Until the advent of mountain and ski tourism, rope- ways had been used for the transport of people over 4. CLASSIFICATION OF ROPEWAYS rivers, inaccessible mountain parts and the similar. FOR TRANSPORT OF PEOPLE Besides, ropeways were used also for the transport of material goods and even for military purposes. The Today in the world there is a whole series of differ- first documents about ropeways state that the rope- ent designs of ropeways for the transport of people and ways were used in Japan as early as in the 13th cen- sometimes it is difficult to determine the types of rope- tury, and it is assumed that they had been used even ways because of the similarities between individual earlier than that. The first ideas about ropeways were types and the increasing technological development. given by Leonardo da Vinci and by Fausto Veranzio (in The classification of ropeways in the paper is done 1616 in his book “Machinae novae”). according to their technological characteristics as de- The first ropeway that was erected and successful- termined also in the Act on Ropeways for Transport of ly operated is credited to Adam Wybe in Gdansk from People and the Regulations on Minimal Conditions for 1644. The first funicular in the world is the Reisszug Operation Safety of the existing ropeways, surface lifts, (exists today also) in Salzburg, connecting the Hohen- and funiculars for the transport of people in Croatia, salzburg Castle with the foot, built in 1495 or 1504. but also according to the geographic environment in The invention of the steel inter-twinning rope which the transport operates and the type of ropeway (1834) and electrical energy facilitated the develop- vehicle. Therefore, the ropeways may be divided into: ment of advanced forms of ropeways. The first rope- 1. surface lifts, ways transporting skiers started to be erected in the 2. aerial ropeways, beginning of the 20th century3, so that the first rope- 3. funiculars. 390 Promet – Traffic&Transportation, Vol. 22, 2010, No. 5, 389-398 M. Nikšić, S. Gašparović: Geographic and Traffic Aspects of Possibilities for Implementing Ropeway Systems in Passenger Transport Taken into consideration are the ropeway models on short distances (up to one kilometre), but there are which are produced by the leading world corporations also solutions on significantly longer destinations (e.g. for the production of ropeways: Doppelmayr/Garaven- T-bar surface lift on the Tiefenbach Glacier above the ta Group and Leitner technologies. Austrian Sölden in the length of 2,099 metres). 4.1 Surface lifts 4.2 Aerial ropeways Surface lifts are a form of ropeways which use haul- Aerial ropeway is a form of ropeway where trans- ing devices to haul persons on skis or other adequate port is carried out at a certain altitude above ground. equipment along the hauling track. Regarding the type of vehicle, the aerial ropeways can The simplest form of a surface lift is a surface lift be divided into chairlifts and cabin ropeways. with a low-laid guide rope. This is a form of surface lift where the haul rope is below the level of the hauled a) Chairlifts person’s head. Regarding the low travelling speed and Chairlifts are aerial ropeways in which the chairs of user-friendliness, they are intended primarily for the a certain capacity are attached to an elevated circulat- skiers - beginners.