U. S. History End of Course Test Review Material Domain 1- Colonization through the Constitution GPS 1-5 (This Domain will account for 19% of test questions or approximately 15 of 80 questions) GPS 1 SSUSH1 The student will describe (tell me about, list details) European settlement in North America during the 17th century. a. Explain (make plain, show me, justify) Virginia’s development; include the Virginia Company, tobacco cultivation, relationships with Native Americans such as Powhatan, development of the House of Burgesses, Bacon’s Rebellion, and the development of slavery Standard Overview-Britain colonial development differed in the regions of the colonies where settlers came. Virginia started as a “for profit” colony and New England developed as a place where religious settlers could practice the religion they wanted without tolerating other religions except for Pennsylvania and Maryland that limited persecution of other religions. New York was originally established by the Dutch for trade and was then taken over by the English. Very few of the colonies had good relations with the Native-American population as settlers wanted to remove the Indians and control their land. The French, who settled Quebec, however, had good relations with the Indians as they wanted trade and did not try to own the Indian lands. Virginia Colonial Growth Jamestown, Virginia was the first permanent English colony in North America. It was a for profit business venture of the Virginia Company, an English company that planned to make money by sending people to America to find gold and other valuable natural resources and then ship the resources back to England. The Virginia Company sent 150 men to colonize the area and find silver and gold. Many were “gentlemen” of noble birth and refused to do manual labor or plant crops. Others were indentured servants. Indentured Servants Provided Much of the Virginia Colonies Original Labor Needs Indentured servants-Many of the Virginia colonists were indentured servants. An indentured servant is one who contracts their labor out for a period of years in exchange for passage to the colony or perhaps to work off a debt instead of going to debtor’s prison. 1 The Starving Time-The winter of 1609-1610 nearly saw the destruction of the colony because of starvation. This was known as the starving time in the colony. Colonists resorted to stealing from the local Indians, eating rats, mice, snakes, and one man even killed his wife to eat her. Out of the original 150 people who had arrived in 1607, only 37 remained alive after the starving time. Tobacco (Brown Gold) Saves the Virginia Colony By Providing and Economic Cash Crop Brown Gold (Tobacco) Saves the Virginia Company-The Virginia Colonists discovered no gold but learned how to cultivate tobacco when John Rolfe learned to hybridize a Brazilian tobacco with a native American tobacco.. Tobacco quickly became a major cash crop, and an important source of wealth in Virginia. It also helped to create major social and economic divisions between those who owned land and those who did not. Additionally, tobacco cultivation was labor-intensive and caused the Virginia colony's economy to become highly dependent on indentured servants and ultimately, slavery. Headright System- The headright system was an exchange of land (50 acres) to any person that paid the way of an indentured servant to come to Virginia to work on a tobacco plantation. Thus, many wealthy persons in England could develop their own plantations by paying the way of many indentured servants to Virginia (remember, the Virginia Company got a part of the tobacco profits from others, and made a profit on its own lands). Virginia colony experienced great growth between 1612 and 1622. House of Burgesses Created to Provide for Colonial Self-Rule House of Burgesses-In 1619 The Virginia Company established a legislative assembly that was similar to England’s Parliament, called the House of Burgesses. The House of Burgesses was the first European-type legislative body in the New World. Property owners had the right to vote for Burgess members. Indentured servants, slaves, and non-property owners could not vote. Slavery Introduced to British North America-In 1619 slavery was introduced into Jamestown and British North America. In 1619 a Dutch trader anchored at Jamestown and sold some 19 African slaves to the colonists. Slave labor would grow and ultimately supplant indentured servants as the labor cornerstone in Virginia and the other Southern colonies of British North America. Geography and Climate Favor Agricultural Development Geographical Considerations-Virginia’s rich soil, temperate climate, coastal harbors, and river systems aided the colony’s growth, especially the Jamestown settlement. Easy access to commercial waterways allowed colonists to export tobacco and other natural 2 resources to England, as well as to import much-needed manufactured goods from English markets. The trans-Atlantic trade made it possible for the colony to prosper and expand. Rivers acted as an early highway system for moving agricultural products as well. Colonial Relations with Native Americans Often Tense, Confrontational, and Violent Virginia Colonial Relations With Native-Americans (Indians) Was Confrontational- Native Americans had lived for centuries on the land the English settlers called Virginia. A notable Native American chieftain in the region was Powhatan. The Virginia Indians were called the Powhatans, as well. Soon after the English settlers arrived, they forced the Native Americans off their own land, so the land could be used by colonial settlers for agricultural purposes, especially to grow tobacco. Their actions caused many Native Americans to flee the region and seek new places to live. Conflict arose because the Indians did not believe in the ownership of land. Bacon’s Rebellion Causes Plantation Owners to Rely Heavily on Slaves Rather Than Indentured Servants Bacon’s Rebellion exposes class differences and conflict-Not all the colonists owned land. Poor English and slave colonists staged an uprising against the governor and his landowning supporters. In what is called Bacon’s Rebellion, the landless rebels on the frontier wanted harsher action against the Native Americans so more land would be available to the colonists. The rebellion was put down, and the Virginia House of Burgesses passed laws to regulate slavery so poor white colonists would no longer side with slaves against rich white colonists. The significance of Bacon’s Rebellion was the greater reliance on slaves to provide labor for Virginia’s cash crops. SSUSH1 The student will describe (tell me about, list details) European settlement in North America during the 17th century. b. Describe (tell me about, list details) the settlement of New England; include religious reasons, relations with Native Americans (e.g., King Phillip’s War), the establishment of town meetings and development of a legislature, religious tensions that led to the founding of Rhode Island, the half-way covenant, Salem Witch Trials, and the loss of the Massachusetts charter and the transition to a royal colony. New England Colonial Growth (Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, & New Hampshire) Pilgrims and Puritans Settle New England Colonies-The first New England colonies were established by the Pilgrims and the Puritans. The Pilgrims, also known as “Separatists” because they wanted to separate completely from the Church of England and worship in their own way while the Puritans were people who wanted to “purify” the 3 Church of England from Catholic church liturgy. They settled in present-day Massachusetts. New England, Unlike Virginia Settled By Families-Most of the colonists came with their whole family to pursue a better life and to practice religion as they saw fit. Oft times entire Puritan towns from England would move lock, stock, and barrel to New England. From 1630-1640 some 30,000+ Puritans moved to New England in what was called the Great (Puritan) Migration. Pilgrims and Puritans Intolerant of Other Religious Views-As a result of strict religious beliefs, the Puritans were not tolerant of religious beliefs that differed from their own. Rhode Island was founded by religious dissenters from Massachusetts (led by Roger Williams who believed in separation of church from the government) and who were more tolerant of different religious beliefs. Puritans Sought To Create A “City On A Hill”-Puritans sought to create an example of a moral and righteous community referred to as the “city on a hill” that would shine as God’s beacon to the world. The City on the Hill is known today as Boston. Puritans Practice Self-Government, But Only Church Members Can Vote Mayflower Compact And Fundamental Orders of Connecticut Early Examples of Self-Government by Puritans-The Mayflower Compact was an agreement by Puritans and non-puritans to abide by majority rule and to form a civil political group to make laws for the good of the whole community. It is an important document towards self- rule. The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, similarly, was an outline for the creation of local and colonial government in Connecticut and is also a step toward a written form of government. Puritans Create Local And Colonial Governments Starting With Town Meetings- Communities were often run using town meetings, unless the king had established control over the colony. At town meetings all the male voters would meet to discuss and agree upon laws, rules, and government. It represented “grass roots” governance. In colonies that the king controlled, there was often an appointed royal governor and a partially elected legislature. Voting rights in the New England colonies were limited to men who belonged to the church, and church membership was tightly controlled by each congregation and its minister. Half-Way Covenant A Means to Bring Wayward Puritans Back Into Church Life Half-Way Covenant To Remind and Involve 2nd And 3rd Generation Puritans In Religious Life-As more and more children were born in America, many grew up to be adults who lacked a personal covenant (relationship) with God, the central feature of Puritanism.