Section 1 Events, groups and developments LIST OF ENTRIES Campaign for Nuclear European Defence Disarmament (CND) Community (EDC): Pleven acquis communitaire ‘cash for questions’ affair Plan Action Directe chancellor democracy European enlargement additionality church tax European Free Trade Additional Member System citizen initiative groups Association (EFTA) (AMS) citizens in uniform European Unit of Account adversary politics civil society (EUA) [See: European Aegean Sea dispute Clause Four Currency Unit (ECU)] Algerian conflict (1954–62) ‘clean hands’ operation euro-sceptic Alternative Vote System (AV) [See: Mani pulite] Eurosclerosis Amsterdam Treaty clientelism Events of May (1968) animal rights co-determination [See: May Events] anti-capitalist riots ‘cod wars’ Évian Agreements antifa groups [See: cohabitation Exchange Rate Mechanism anti-fascism] Cohesion Fund [See: (ERM) anti-fascism Economic and Social extra-parliamentary anti-Semitism Cohesion] opposition (APO) Armed Forces Movement Cold War (Portugal) collaboration Falklands War asylum Colonels’ coup (Greece) fascism Atlanticists and Gaullists Common Agricultural Policy Felipeism (Felipismo) ausserparlamentarische (CAP) final solution Opposition (APO) [See: consociationalism Finlandisation extra-parliamentary constitutionalism First-past-the-post system opposition] constructive vote of no (FPTP) Aussiedler confidence Flick Affair Austrian State Treaty corporatism [See: floating voter Autonomen (the neo-corporatism] Fundis [See: Realos and Autonomous) Crichel Down Fundis] cumul des mandats Baader-Meinhof group G-7 [See: Group of Eight] Bad Godesberg Programme democratic deficit G-8 [See: Group of Eight] [See: Godesberg denazification Gang of Four Programme] détente Gastarbeiter Barschel Affair GCHQ case Basic Law economic miracle German question Basic Treaty (1972) Economic and Monetary Gibraltar Basque separatism Union (EMU) glasnost Belgrano Affair [See: Economic and social Godesberg Programme Falklands War] cohesion Good Friday Agreement Benelux empty chair crisis Grabenwahlsystem Berlin airlift [See: Berlin Enosis (Germany) blockade] ETA (Euskadi ta Askatasuna; grand coalition Berlin blockade Basque Nation and green card system (of Berlin uprising 1953 Liberty) immigration) Berlin Wall eurocommunism green movement Beveridge Report (UK) European Central Bank (ECB) Group of Eight (G-8) Bizonia European Coal and Steel Guillaume Affair Bonn Republic–Berlin Community (ECSC) Gulf War Republic transition European Currency Unit Bundesbank (ECU) Hallstein Doctrine Geoffrey K. Roberts and Patricia Hogwood - 9781526137852 Downloaded from manchesterhive.com at 09/27/2021 10:32:47PM via free access List of entries Helsinki Agreement Ombudsman Spanish coup attempt (1981) historic compromise Ostpolitik Spiegel Affair (Italy) spin doctor Historikerstreit (historians’ paedophile scandal Stability and Growth Pact dispute) (Belgium) [See: Economic and Holocaust pantouflage Monetary Union] List of entries peaceful revolution (East Stalin Note immigration Germany) Stammheim trials [See: informateur perestroika Baader-Meinhof group] International Brigades Petersberg Agreements Stasi Irish Republican Army (IRA) (Germany) Stormont pillarisation streitbare Demokratie judicialisation political asylum [See: Structural Funds [See: asylum] Economic and Social Kiessling Affair Politikverdrossenheit Cohesion] Kopp Affair poll tax subsidiarity popular front Suez crisis Lib–Lab pact populism Loi Defferre postmaterialism Tangentopoli Lombardy League [See: Potsdam conference terrorism Northern Leagues] Poujadism Treaties of Rome Lomé Convention privatisation Treaty of European Union EVENTS, GROUPS AND DEVELOPMENTS AND GROUPS EVENTS, Luxembourg compromise Profumo Affair (TEU) [See: Maastricht 2 proportional representation Treaty] Maastricht Treaty Treaty of Nice mafia quango Treuhandanstalt Mani pulite (‘clean hands’ Trizonia [See: Bizonia] operation) radicals’ decree two-ballot electoral system maquis Realos and Fundis ‘Two plus Four’ talks Marshall Plan Rechtsstaat May Events (1968) Red Army Faction (Germany) Vergangenheitsbewältigung Médiateur [See: Red Brigades (Italy) (coming to terms with the Ombudsman] resistance groups past) Mezzogiorno reunification of Germany Vichy regime Modell Deutschland (the Rhineland model Voeren dispute (Belgium) German model) Round Table Volkspartei Mogadishu Affair Morgenthau Plan Saarland question Waldheim Affair Schengen Agreement ‘Wende’ NATO twin-track decision Schleyer Affair West Lothian question nazism Secret Army Organisation winter of discontent neocorporatism (OAS) women’s movement new politics Single European Act (SEA) new social movements Single Transferable Vote xenophobia Northern Leagues (STV) Nuremberg tribunal social capital Yalta conference social market economy Youandé Convention [See: Oder–Neisse line South Tyrol question Lomé Convention] oil crisis Spanish civil war Young Turks’ revolt Geoffrey K. Roberts and Patricia Hogwood - 9781526137852 Downloaded from manchesterhive.com at 09/27/2021 10:32:47PM via free access Events, groups and developments Related entries are listed at the end of to some extent, to have restructured an entry by ‘[See also: . .]’. An asterisk their national legal, policy and indicates a cross-reference to Section 2, administrative frameworks to ‘Biographies’. For example, the entry for accommodate it prior to entry. Colonels’ coup (Greece) has at the [See also: Amsterdam Treaty; end ‘[See also: Enosis; Papandreou*]’. Maastricht Treaty; Single European Act; The entry for Enosis is in this section; Treaties of Rome; Treaty of Nice] that for Papandreou is in Section 2. Action Directe acquis communitaire A French anarchist/Maoist terrorist group The French term: acquis communitaire founded in 1979, Action Directe played (sometimes called Community an active role in European terrorist patrimony) refers to the constantly networks until it was neutralised by a evolving rights and obligations deriving police operation in 1988. It had links from European Union (EU) treaty with the Basque separatist movement agreements, laws and regulations ETA and with Middle Eastern concluded by member states since the pro-Palestinian groups. The group Treaties of Rome establishing the attacked public and government European Economic Community entered buildings. Two prominent members, into force in 1958. Together, these Jean-Marc Rouillan and Nathalie agreements are held to represent the Ménigon, were arrested in Paris in constitutional basis of the EU. Amongst September 1980, but were other aims, the Single European Act controversially released under an (1987), the Treaty on European Union amnesty declared by Mitterrand when (TEU: the Maastricht Treaty) (1993) and he took office as President. Action the Treaty of Amsterdam (1997) have Directe then began a bombing attempted to revise and rationalise the campaign against US and Israeli targets acquis communitaire by simplifying and and was banned by the French consolidating the existing Treaties of the government. The now illegal group split Union. The acquis is now understood to into factions. In January 1985 the comprise not only a strict definition of ‘internationalist’ section led by Rouillan Community law, but also all acts began a joint action with the West adopted under the second and third German Red Army Faction (RAF), pillars of the European Union and, more announcing the formation of a united importantly, the common objectives laid urban politico-military front in Western down in the treaties. The acquis can Europe, with NATO as its main target. therefore be understood to cover both That month Action Directe shot dead the judicial decisions and the policy General Audran, the government programme of the EU. The concept has minister responsible for French arms played a major role in discussions sales, and in April 1986 tried to kill Guy concerning the enlargement of the EU Brana, Deputy President of the to countries of Central and Eastern employers’ federation CNPF. In July Europe. These countries are expected 1986 the group bombed the offices to accept the acquis communitaire and, of the French police anti-terrorist unit Geoffrey K. Roberts and Patricia Hogwood - 9781526137852 Downloaded from manchesterhive.com at 09/27/2021 10:32:47PM via free access Action Directe Additional Member System (AMS) and in November killed the Chairman of separate, votes: one for the candidate Renault. Four founder leaders of the in a constituency contest, one for a group were arrested in February 1987 party list, with that party list vote used and sentenced to life imprisonment in to determine overall allocations of January 1989, by which time the other seats. Many of the German Länder also members had been arrested and the use AMS in some form to elect their group had collapsed. Land legislatures. Italy combines [See also: ETA; Red Army Faction] election of three-quarters of its lower Action DirecteAdditional Member System (AMS) chamber of the legislature with election of the remainder from party lists. The additionality Scottish Parliament and Welsh The European Union’s (EU) cohesion Assembly were both elected by means policy is a regional policy which sets of versions of the Additional Member out to reduce economic and social System in 1999, using two votes. The disparities between richer and poorer overall degree of proportionality regions of the EU. The financial attained in AMS elections depends to a instruments used to effect cohesion large extent on the ratio of directly policy are termed