ENCYCLOPEDIA OF TWENTIETH-CENTURY AFRICAN HISTORY ENCYCLOPEDIA OF TWENTIETH-CENTURY AFRICAN HISTORY Editor: Paul Tiyambe Zeleza Deputy Editor: Dickson Eyoh First published 2003 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group # 2003 Routledge Typeset in Baskerville by Taylor & Francis Books Ltd Indexed by Indexing Specialists (UK) Ltd Printed and bound in Great Britain by TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Encyclopedia of twentieth-century African history / edited by Paul Tiyambe Zeleza and Dickson Eyoh Includes bibliographical references and index 1. Africa–History–20th century–Encyclopedias. I. Zeleza, Tiyambe, 1955- II. Eyoh, Dickson, 1954- DT29 .E53 2003 960.3'1'03–dc21 2002031682 ISBN 0–415–23479–4 Contents Editorial team vi How to use this encyclopedia xv List of contributors vii Thematic entry list xvi Introduction xi Entries A–Z 1 Acknowledgments xiv Index 627 v Editorial team General editor Valerie Hoffman University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA Paul Tiyambe Zeleza University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA Eboe Hutchful Wayne State University, USA Deputy editor Bogumil Jewswiecki Universite´ Laval, Canada Dickson Eyoh University of Toronto, Canada Cheryl Johnson-Odim Columbia College Chicago, USA Associate editors Zine Magubane University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA Keletso Atkins University of Minnesota, USA Wunyabari Maloba University of Delaware, USA Bruce J. Berman Queen’s University, Canada Amina Mama University of Cape Town, South Africa Sara Berry Johns Hopkins University, USA Mahmood Mamdani Columbia University, USA Frederick Cooper New York University, USA Thandika Mkandawire United Nations Research Institute for Social Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch Development (UNRISD), Switzerland Universite´ Paris VII, France Nkiru Nzegwu Mamadou Diouf Binghamton University, USA University of Michigan, USA Atieno Odhiambo Toyin Falola Rice University, USA University of Texas at Austin, USA Fatima Sadiqi William Freund University of Fes, Morocco University of Natal, South Africa vi List of contributors Hamdi Abdulrahman Elabbas Benmamoun Cairo University, Egypt University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA Agbenyega Adedze Redie Bereketeab Illinois State University, USA Uppsala University, Sweden Oforiwaa Aduonum Bruce J. Berman Illinois State University, USA Queen’s University, Canada Josephine Ahikire Nemata Blyden Center for Basic Research and Makerere Uni- University of Texas at Dallas, USA versity, Uganda Eyamba Bokamba Emmanuel Akyeampong University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA Harvard University, USA Benn L. Bongang Savannah State University, USA Ousseina D. Alidou Rutgers University, USA Elias K. Bongmba Rice University, USA Mark D. Alleyne University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA Richard A. Bradshaw Center College, Danville, Kentucky, USA James Amanze University of Botswana, Botswana Sheila Bunwaree Council for the Development of Social Science Nicole D. Anderson Research in Africa (CODESRIA), Senegal University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA James Busumtwi-Sam Samuel Aryeetey-Attoh Simon Fraser University, Canada University of Toledo, USA Joseph S. Caruso Eric Aseka Columbia University, USA Kenyatta University, Kenya Frederick Cooper Sosina Asfaw New York University, USA University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch Lisa Aubrey Universite´ Paris VII, France Ohio University, USA Jean-Philippe Dedieu Lamissa Bangali Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA France vii List of contributors LaRay Denzer Eltigani Abdelgadir Hamid Northwestern University, USA Graduate School of Islamic and Social Sciences, USA T.J. Desch-Obi New York University, USA Nicole Hawkes Boston University, USA Jan-Georg Deutsch Center for Modern Oriental Studies, Germany Sean Hawkins University of Toronto, USA Momar Coumba Diop Cheikh Anta Diop University, Senegal Cheryl Hendricks University of Rochester, USA Mamadou Diouf University of Michigan, USA Fred Hendricks Rhodes University, South Africa Matthew B. Dwyer Columbia University, USA Pablo Idahosa York University, Canada Romanus Ejiaga University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA Amir H. Idris Fordham University, USA M.A. El-Khawas University of the District of Columbia, USA Uwem E. Ite Lancaster University, UK Moha Ennaji Lynette Jackson University of Fes, Morocco University of Illinois at Chicago, USA Dickson Eyoh Michelle C. Johnson University of Toronto, Canada Bucknell University, USA Laura Fair Peter P. Jones University of Oregon, USA University of Illinois at Chicago, USA Toyin Falola Peter Kagwanja University of Texas at Austin, USA University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA Sheila Finnie Ezekiel Kalipeni Vancouver, Canada University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA Antonia Folarin-Schleicher Ackson M. Kanduza University of Wisconsin at Madison, USA University of Swaziland, Swaziland Richard A. Fredland Tabitha Kanogo Indiana University, USA University of California, Berkeley, USA John G. Galaty Riham Mahrous Khafagy McGill University, Canada University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA Olakunle George Martin Klein University of Oregon, USA University of Toronto, Canada Bakary Gibba Kwaku Larbi Korang University of Toronto, Canada University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA Azzedine Haddour Chima J. Korieh University College London, UK University of Toronto, Canada viii List of contributors Bertin K. Kouadio Godwin Murunga University of Missouri, USA Kenyatta University, Kenya Benjamin Nicholas Lawrence Abdul Raufu Mustapha Stanford University, USA Oxford University, UK Kafureeka Lawyer Shadrack Wanjala Nasong’o Center for Basic Research, Uganda University of Nairobi, Kenya Janet MacGaffey Brent Never Bucknell University, USA Indiana University, USA Zine Magubane Abderrahmane N’Gaı¨de University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA Paris, France Fallou Ngom Wunyabari Maloba University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA University of Delaware, USA Sada Niang Tiyanjana Maluwa University of Victoria, Canada United Nations Commission for Human Rights (UNCHR), Switzerland Tandeka Nkiwane Smith College, USA Mahmood Mamdani Columbia University, USA Francis B. Nyamnjoh University of Botswana, Botswana Guy Martin New York University, USA Nkiru Nzegwu Binghamton University, USA Robert Maxon West Virginia University, USA Cyril I. Obi Nigerian Institute of International Affairs, Nigeria Alamin M. Mazrui Ohio State University, USA Godson C. Obia Eastern Illinois University, USA Gertrude Mianda Akin Ogundiran York University, Canada Florida International University, USA Judith Mitchell Philomina Okeke McGill University, Canada University of Alberta, Canada Thandika Mkandawire Akura Okong’o United Nations Research Institute for Social Miami University, USA Development (UNRISD), Switzerland Modupe Olaogun Alois Mlambo York University, Canada University of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe Adebayo O. Olukoshi Jama Mohamed Council for the Development of Social Science Wake Forest University, USA Research in Africa (CODESRIA), Senegal Lupenga Mphande Joseph Ransford Oppong Ohio State University, USA University of North Texas, USA Mustafa A. Mughazy William Y. Osei University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA Algoma University College, Canada ix List of contributors Tiffany Ruby Patterson Charles Stewart Binghamton University, USA University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA Neville W. Pule Wisdom J. Tettey University of Lesotho, Lesotho University of Calgary, Canada John Rapley Dominic Thomas University of the West Indies, Jamaica University of California, Los Angeles, USA Carina E. Ray Tom Turino Cornell University, USA University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA Jeremy Rich Jane Turrittin Corby College, USA York University, Canada Mieka Ritsema Meredeth Turshen Yale University, USA Rutgers University, USA Charles Ukeje Stephen J. Rockel Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria University of Toronto at Scarborough, Canada Cassandra Rachel Veney Mutuma Rutere Illinois State University, USA Kenya Human Rights Commission, Kenya Bjorn Westgard Ahmed Ali Salem University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA Gavin Williams Zakia Salime Oxford University, UK University of Fes, Morocco Alex Winter-Nelson Ebrima Sall University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, Sweden Stephen R. Wooten Gerhard Seibert University of Oregon, USA Instituto de Investigac¸a˜o Cientı´fica Tropical, Por- tugal A.B. Zack-Williams Central Lancashire University, UK Robert W. Shenton Queen’s University, Canada Paul Tiyambe Zeleza University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA Ahmad Sikainga Bahru Zewde Ohio State University, USA Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia Jacqueline S. Solway Trent University, Canada x Introduction This encyclopedia explores the history of Africa in placed