„Forms of War 1600-1815“ is the title of the Bavarian Army Museum’s latest permanent exhibition, opened in 2019 and housed in the New Castle of Ingolstadt. With exhibits from the museum‘s own collection and some important loans, it illustrates the forms of warlike violence in the early modern period. Focal points are the fighting in the major battles on open fields, the siege and defence of fortresses, and the so-called “small war”, which placed a heavy burden on the countryside and the population in the vicinity of the major conflicts. The book is an introduction to the subject and also provides some information about the redesign of the 1815 museum rooms. All the exhibited items are documented in text and pictures, most of them are published here - for the first time. 1600 FORMS R WA of of FORMS WAR ISBN 978-3-96049-079-1 ISBN 978-3-96049-079-1 1600-1815 9 783960 490791 > Forms of War 1600-1815 Forms of War 1600-1815 Tobias Schönauer and Daniel Hohrath with a contribution by Marian Füssel Catalogues of the Bavarian Army Museum Volume 19 Edited by Ansgar Reiß Originally published in German in 2019. Translated by Karl Veltzé M.A. The present work is copyright protected in all its parts. Any use without the consent of the Bavarian Army Museum is prohibited. This applies, in particular, to reproductions, translations, microfilming, and storage in and processing by electronic systems. The cover illustration is based on a photo from the exhibition by Gert Schmidbauer. Cover Design: malyma.Werbung Neumarkt The publisher, VERLAG PH.C.W. SCHMIDT, is not responsible for the content of the publication and possible copyright infringements; they cannot be sued for these. ISBN: 978-3-96049-079-1 © 2020 Bayerisches Armeemuseum, Paradeplatz 4, D-85049 Ingolstadt Visit us on the internet: www.armeemuseum.de Overall Production: VDS VerlagsdrUCKerei Schmidt D-91413 Neustadt an der Aisch 7 Content 8 Preface 11 Acknowledgements / Advisory Council 13 Imprint Marian Füssel 15 Theatre of War. Forms of Military Violence in Early Modern Europe Daniel Hohrath and Tobias Schönauer 31 An Exhibition Takes Shape – Reflections on the New Permanent Exhibition Catalogue 51 BATTLE IN THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD 52 1618-1648: 30 Years of War 100 1663-1792: Ottoman Wars in Europe 130 1650-1792: Competition among Crowns 156 1792-1815: Revolution – Nation – War 179 SIEGE WARFARE 221 THE “SMALL WAR” 244 Selected Literature 248 Picture Credits Preface The focus of this catalogue is on the violent These exhibition rooms mark the begin- warfare that marked the conflicts among ning of the continuous renewal of the per- the European powers in the 17th and 18th manent exhibition of the Bavarian Army centuries. These wars had quite different Museum, conceived as a “work in pro- causes and consequences. Between 1600 gress“. It is not just a new presentation of and 1815 there was a fundamental shift of what was on display in the old Army Mu- emphasis in the power structures of Euro- seum in Munich until the Second World pe, even though it was often hardly noti- War, and later, since 1972, in the New ceable to the contemporaries. In the begin- Castle in Ingolstadt. Rather, the repositi- ning, the focus was mostly on individuals, oning is connected with a new inspection families and certain corporates or orders; and indexing of the objects in the collec- in the end, more and more states and – at tion. For this reason, the accompanying least in the case of France – nations came publication is very important. Many ar- to the fore. The transformation of Bavaria tefacts were already listed in the museum from duchy to constitutional kingdom guides published before 1914, and some is an exemple. What matters most in this pieces were presented in even greater context, however, is that the means of war detail in the major exhibitions “Kurfürst remained essentially the same. While so- Max Emanuel” (Elector Max Emanuel) metimes the conflicts may have been pre- in Schleissheim Palace in 1976 and “Wit- pared long in advance and at times played telsbach und Bayern” (Wittelsbach and out across large geographical areas, the ac- Bavaria) in the Munich Residenz and the tual armed clashes took place, as it were, State Museum of Ethnology in Munich in face to face, and were subject to the many 1980. Yet many pieces are being published limitations of the pre-industrial world. for the first time now. The museum thus This is what both the museum rooms and continues to pursue the efforts that have the catalogue want to convey. shaped past exhibition projects and cata- The catalogue documents the museum logues: To make the collection accessible section “Formen des Krieges” (Forms of to the scientific community as well as to War), which was opened in the New Cast- the public. So this catalogue will be availa- le of Ingolstadt on 3 June 2019. The book‘s ble free of charge on the Internet. concept is simple: It summarizes the ob- Many thanks to the curators Dr. Tobias jects and texts that can be seen and read Schönauer and Daniel Hohrath for the in the exhibition in a compact form, and conception and realization of the exhibiti- it offers photographic insights into the de- on rooms and the catalogue. They also pro- sign of the rooms. The preceding detailed vided all the texts accompanying the ob- sketch of the historical context, for which I jects. The concept as a whole and in many thank Prof. Dr. Marian Füssel, is based on details, was subject to some intensive the speech he gave at the opening of the discussions within the museum‘s college exhibition rooms. The introduction to the of scientists. Showing great energy and exhibition written by the curators reflects flexibility, Mr. Schönauer excelled in the the current state of discussion and work at organization of the exhibition and in the our museum. typesetting and editing of the catalogue. I 9 would like to thank all employees of the museum for their commitment and team spirit in the realization of the exhibition, in the provision of the objects and in all associated activities. For their permanent loans, some of which have been with us for many years, I would like to thank my colleagues in our partner museums of the Bavarian State as well as the Stadtmuseum Ingolstadt. I would also like to thank the Academic Advisory Council, chaired by Prof. Dr. Günther Kronenbitter, for their versatile, detailed and always constructi- ve discussion of our plans. The design of the exhibition succeeds in presenting the objects in a pleasant and visitor-oriented manner, while at the same time highligh- ting the Gothic rooms in all their beauty. For this feat, I have to thank the Ausstel- lungsbüro Janet Görner. Dr. Ansgar Reiß, Museum Director Ingolstadt, in October 2019 11 Acknowledge- Advisory ment Council Lenders to the exhibition Academic Advisory Council for the Bavarian National Museum Renewal of the Permanent Exhibi- Bavarian State Painting Collections tion Bavarian State Collection for Anthro- pology and Palaeoanatomy Munich Prof. Dr. Günther Kronenbitter, Augsburg City Museum Ingolstadt (chairman) Prof. Dr. Stig Förster, Berne Prof. Dr. Marian Füssel, Göttingen Acknowledgements Dr. Markus Harzenetter, Wiesbaden Dr. Stefanie Berg, Munich Prof. Dr. Stephan Hoppe, Munich Dr. Alfred Geibig, Coburg Prof. Dr. Ferdinand Kramer, Munich Rebecca Güldenring, Bückeburg Prof. Dr. Bernhard Löffler, Regensburg Dr. Marcus Junkelmann, Oberempfenbach PD Dr. Wolfgang Meighörner, Innsbruck Christin Krischke, Bückeburg Prof. Dr. Kerstin Merkel, Eichstätt Kurbairisches Dragonerregiment Johann Prof. Dr. Jutta Nowosadtko, Hamburg Wolf e.V. Hofrat Dr. Christian Ortner, Vienna Dr. George McGlynn, Munich Prof. Dr. Hermann Rumschöttel, Munich Dr. Gerd Riedel, Ingolstadt Holger Schuckelt, Dresden Dr. Mike Schweissing, Munich Dr. Eberhard Senckenberg, Ohlstadt Dr. Dieter Storz, Ingolstadt Dr. Frank Wernitz, Ingolstadt Bernd Windsheimer, Ortenburg Replicas Leder Art & Design, Ulrike Brandstetter (saddle) Wilhelm Knies (wood sculptures) Armin König (pistols) Independent Conservator-Restorers Peter Axer, Munich Eberhard Ludwig, Munich 13 Exhibition Catalogue Organiser Catalogue of the Bavarian Army Museum Bavarian Army Museum Vol. 19 edited byAnsgar Reiß Overall Management Dr. Ansgar Reiß © 2020 Bavarian Army Museum, Ingolstadt and Idea and Basic Concept the authors Dr. Ansgar Reiß, Dr. Tobias Schönauer, Daniel Hohrath M.A. Editor Dr. Tobias Schönauer Curators Dr. Tobias Schönauer (Middle Ages to 1650) Catalogue Texts Daniel Hohrath M.A. (1650 to 1815) Dr. Tobias Schönauer, Daniel Hohrath M.A. Design Cover Design Ausstellungsbüro Janet Görner, Berlin malyma.Werbung Neumarkt Luise Wagener, Berlin (graphics) Typesetting Poster Dr. Tobias Schönauer malyma.Werbung Neumarkt Photos Work Shops and Depots Erich Reisinger Tobias Baur, Matthias Gabler M.A., Gert Schmidbauer Roland Hopp, Kornelia Koch, Konstantin Tobias Schönauer (Bav. Army Museum) Miethig, Rudolf Pemsl, Anja Pilz, Franz Christian Stoye (Bav. Army Museum) Prummer, Hans-Peter Roth, Melita Luise Wagener, Berlin Schluttenhofer, Jakob Schwaiger, Christian Stoye, Heinz Weininger Translation Karl Veltzé M.A. In-House Technology Konrad Mayer, Christina Thurn Printing and Processing Verlag PH. C. W. Schmidt, Neustadt/Aisch Translation Karl Veltzé M.A. Exhibition Construction Biber GmbH & Co. KG, Ingolstadt Büchner Möbel GmbH, Reichnau Frank Europe GmbH, Bad Kreuznach Pigmentpol Sachsen GmbH, Dresden 15 Marian Füssel Theatre of War Forms of Military Violence in Early Modern Europe Describing war as theatre or ceremonial Fleming’s list contains many practices that can easily arouse suspicion of ideological are still ritualised today, but he goes far trivialisation; war, after all, is really about beyond that and even regards the attack as life and death, fear and suffering, annihi- being shaped by ceremonial. In the early lation and destruction. In the European modern period, theatrum belli (theatre of societies of the 17th and 18th centuries, with war) was the name initially given to the their dynastic princely states, however, battleground, i.e.