a Grace Notes course History of the Christian Church VOLUME 5. The Middle Ages, the Papal Theocracy in Conflict with the Secular Power from Gregory VII to Boniface VIII, AD 1049 to 1294 By Philip Schaff CH501 Chapter 1: The Hildebrandian Popes, AD 1049 to 1073 History of the Christian Church Volume 5 The Middle Ages, the Papal Theocracy in Conflict with the Secular Power from Gregory VII to Boniface VIII, AD 1049 to 1294 CH501 Table of Contents Preface to Volume 5 .....................................................................................................................2 The Fifth Period of Church History ................................................................................................5 5.1. General Literature ....................................................................................................................... 5 5.2. Introductory Survey ..................................................................................................................... 6 Chapter 1. The Hildebrandian Popes, AD 1049 to 1073 .................................................................8 5.3. Sources and Literature on Chapters I. and II ............................................................................... 8 5.4. Hildebrand and his Training ......................................................................................................... 9 5.5. Hildebrand and Leo IX. 1049–1054 ........................................................................................... 11 5.6. Victor II. and Stephen IX. (X.). 1055–1058 ................................................................................. 12 5.7. Nicolas II. and the Cardinals. 1059–1061 .................................................................................. 12 5.8. The War against Clerical Marriage ............................................................................................ 14 5.9. Alexander II. and the Schism of Cadalus. 1061–1073 ............................................................... 14 HISTORY OF THE APOSTOLIC CHURCH appeared, Preface to Volume 5 first in its original German form, IT was the constant hope of Dr. Philip Schaff, Mercersburg, Pa., pp. xvi, 576, and Leipzig, the author of the HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN 1853, and then in English translation, New CHURCH, that he might live to finish the York and Edinburgh, 1853, 1854. Before that treatment of the Middle Ages, to which he had time, he had shown his taste for historical devoted one volume, covering the years 600– studies in his tract on WHAT IS CHURCH 1050. He frequently said, during the last years HISTORY? translated by Dr. John W. Nevin, of his life, “If I am able to accomplish this, my Phila., 1846, pp. 128, and the address on the HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH will be PRINCIPLE OF PROTESTANTISM, which he measurably complete and I will be satisfied delivered at his inauguration as professor in then to stop.” He entered upon the task and the theological seminary at Mercersburg, had completed his studies on the pontificates 1844. This address was published in its of Gregory VII. and Alexander III., when his German form and in an English translation by pen was laid aside and death overtook him, Dr. Nevin, Chambersburg, 1845. Oct. 20, 1893. The two volumes found lying Dr. Schaff continued his publications in this open on his study table, as he had left them department with the issue of his HISTORY OF the day before, Jeremy Taylor’s HOLY LIVING THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH 1–600, in 2 volumes, N. AND HOLY DYING and a volume of Hurter’s Life Y., 1858–1867. In the meantime, his attention of INNOCENT III., showed the nature of his had been called to the subjects of biblical thoughts in his last hours. literature and exegesis, and his labors Dr. Schaff’s distinction as a writer on Church resulted in the publication of the American History dated from the year 1851 when his edition of Lange’s Commentary in 25 volumes History of the Christian Church, Philip Schaff 3 CH501: Volume 5, Chapter 1 a Grace Notes course and other works. In 1887 he issued his the work anew, using the materials Dr. Schaff CREEDS OF CHRISTENDOM in 3 volumes. had left as the basis of the first four chapters. Left free to devote himself to the continuation The delay in the issue of the present volume of his HISTORY, which he was inclined to is due chiefly to the requirements of study regard as his chief literary work, he found it and in part to the difficulty in getting all the necessary, in order to keep abreast of the necessary literature. The author has felt times and to present a fresh treatment, to unwilling to issue the volume without giving begin his studies again at the very beginning to it as thorough study as it was possible for and consequently the series, to which this him to give. This meant that he should volume belongs, is an independent work familiarize himself not only with the medieval written afresh and differing in marked writings themselves but with the vast amount features from its predecessors. For example, of research which has been devoted to the the first volume, on the Apostolic age, devotes Middle Ages during the last quarter of a an extensive treatment to the authorship and century and more. As for the literature, not a dates of the Apostolic writings to which little of it has been, until recently, inaccessible scarcely any space was given in the HISTORY to the student in this country. OF THE APOSTOLIC CHURCH of 1851 and the At Lane seminary, where the author was a HISTORY OF THE APOSTOLIC CHURCH of 1858– professor, he found in the library an 1867. The treatment was demanded by the unusually well selected collection of works on new attitude of scholarship to the questions the medieval period made fifty years ago by presented by the Apostolic age. the wise judgment of two of its professors, Dr. Schaff lived to prepare six volumes of this Calvin E. Stowe and the late George E. Day, new work, three on early Christianity, one on who made tours in Europe for the purpose of medieval Christianity, and two on the making purchases for its shelves. He also Protestant Reformation. It is of some interest owes a debt to the Rev. Dr. Henry Goodwin that Dr. Schaff’s last writing was a pamphlet Smith, for some time professor in the on the Reunion of Christendom, pp. 71, a seminary and its librarian, for his liberal use subject which he treated with warm practical of the library funds in supplementing the sympathy and with materials furnished by works in the medieval department. In the studies of the historian. The substance of passing, it may be also said that the Cincinnati the pamphlet had been used as a paper read Public Library, by reason of a large before the Parliament of Religions at the permanent fund given more than a half Columbian Exposition, Chicago. It was a great century ago for the purchase of theological satisfaction to him to have the Faculty of the works and by the wise selection of such men Berlin University,—where he had spent part as Professor George E. Day, is unusually rich of his student life, 1840–1841, and which had in works for the historical student, some of conferred on him the doctorate of divinity in which may perhaps not be duplicated in this 1854,—bear testimony in their country. congratulatory letter on the semi-centennial On removing to the Western Theological of his professorial career that his “HISTORY OF seminary, the author found its librarian, THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH is the most notable Professor James A. Kelso, most ready to fill up monument of universal historical learning the shelves of the medieval department so produced by the school of Neander” (LIFE OF that it now possesses all the more important PHILIP SCHAFF, p. 467). works both original and secondary. To the The further treatment of the Middle Ages, Dr. librarians of the two Roman Catholic libraries Schaff left to his son, the author of this of Cincinnati and to other librarians the volume. It was deemed by him best to begin History of the Christian Church, Philip Schaff 4 CH501: Volume 5, Chapter 1 a Grace Notes course author is indebted for the courtesy of the free collections of medieval documents, besides use of their collections. the older ones by Mabillon, Muratori, and An explanation is due for devoting an entire Migne, are the MONUMENTA GERMANIAE, volume to the middle period of the Middle intended to give an exhaustive collection of Ages, 1050–1294, when it was the intention medieval German writers, the series of of Dr. Philip Schaff to embrace it and the third collections of the papal documents called the period of the Middle Ages, 1294–1517, in a REGESTA, edited by Jaffé, Potthast, Auvray, single volume. It is doubtful whether Dr. Berger, and others, the CHARTULARIUM Schaff, after proceeding with his studies, UNIVERSITATIS PARISIENSIS, a collection of would have thought it wise to attempt to documents edited by Denifle and Chatelain of execute his original purpose. However this the highest importance for the study of the might have been, to have confined the university system, the RECUEIL DES HISTORIENS treatment of 500 years to the limits of a single DES CROISADES, the remarkable collection of volume would have meant to do a relative medieval sacred poetry edited by Dreves and injustice and, in the light of recent study, to Blume filling about 15 volumes, the Boehmer- have missed a proper proportion. To the first Friedberg edition of the Canon Law, and the 600 years, 1–590, the HISTORY devotes three Rolls Series, containing the writers of volumes.