A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF PHONEMES IN ENGLISH AND TOBA BATAK LANGUAGE A THESIS BY TRI OKTAVIANI BR BAGARIANG REG. NO. 110705033 DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2016 Universitas Sumatera Utara Universitas Sumatera Utara Approved by the Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination. Head, Secretary, Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, Ph.D NIP : 19541117 198003 1 002 NIP : 19750209 200812 1 002 Universitas Sumatera Utara Universitas Sumatera Utara AUTHOR DECLARATION I, TRI OKTAVIANI BR BAGARIANG, DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION. Signed : Dated :January 26th, 2016 Universitas Sumatera Utara COPYRIGHT DECLARATION NAME : TRI OKTAVIANI BR BAGARIANG TITLE OF THESIS : A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF PHONEMES IN ENGLISH AND TOBA BATAK LANGUAGE. QUALIFICATION : S-1/ SARJANA SASTRA DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA. Signed : Dated : January 26th, 2016 Universitas Sumatera Utara ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, i would like to express my gratitude to the Almighty, Jesus Christ, the one and only Lord who is always with me and leads me. It is all because of Him that i can finish my study in English Department of Faculty of Cultural Study, University of Sumatera Utara. He always strenghtens me and shows me the way to solve every problem in my life. He still blesses me, gives me health, and recruit all that i need in my life especially in finishing my study. Secondly, i would like to express by big thanks and appreciation to those who have given me advice, motivation, help, and pray me in accomplishing my paper. They are : 1. My beloved parents, Parbuktian Sibagariang and Mery Br Pasaribu who loves me unconditionally and always support me until now i can finish my study. Dad, Mom, thankyou so much for your kindness, love, advice, prayer, figting and finance support for me. I contribute this paper and degree for both of you. You always said that i must be patient and all will be well at the right time. I do love you, Pak, Mak. 2. My dear uncle (Tulang) who always advice and motivate me to do the best in my education. He always asked me to be patient in doing this paper. Tulang, thankyou for your advice, support, and prayer for me. I do love you. 3. My dear siblings, Rumpo Sibagariang (sister), Yohana Sibagariang (Sister), Jurisen Sibagariang (Brother), Desi Rinika Sibagariang (Sister), and Yohanes Sibagariang (brother). Especially for my elder sister who always support me both moril and financially. She always support me. When i begin to give up and stressed, she always motivate me and cheer me up. I can say she is my moodbooster. For you all, I love you, guys. 4. Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA, as the Dean of Cultural Studies Faculty, University of Sumatera Utara ; Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS, as the Head of English Universitas Sumatera Utara Department, University of Sumatera Utara ; Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, Ph.D, as the Secretary of English Department, University of Sumatera Utara. 5. Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA, as my Supervisor and Drs. Bahagia Tarigan, MA as my Co-Supervisor who has guided me in accomplishing this paper. Thankyou for your valuable ideas, times, and patients. God Bless you both. 6. I also would like to express my great gratitute to all lecturers in English Department of Faculty of Cultural Studies that have given me knowledge about English for about four years. Thank you very much. 7. My dear boyfriend, Daniel Bimbingan Limbong, ST who always motivates me to finish my study soon. He always reminds me not to be lazy in doing this thesis. You are also my moodbooster. Thank you for your prayer, love, kindness, support, and motivation, dear. 8. My beloved friend Henny Monalisa ‘Hani’ who always support and ensure me that i will finish my thesis soon. Thank you, Hani. 9. My beloved friend, Nur Affanny who is always make me laugh crazily. Keep fighting in doing your thesis, wak. I am sure you will finish it soon. 10. All my friends in English Department that i cannot mention one by one. Finally, I realize that this paper is far for being perfect. But, I hope this thesis will be a valuable contribution to the readers. I warmly welcome and appreciate the advices and suggestions to develop this thesis. Writer, Tri Oktaviani Br Bagariang 110705033 Universitas Sumatera Utara ABSTRAK Skripsi ini berjudul Analisis Kontrastif Fonem pada bahasa Inggris dan bahasa Batak Toba. Skripsi ini menganalisisfonem-fonem vokal dan konsonan yang terdapat dalam bahasa Inggris dengan yang terdapat dalam bahasa Batak Tobakemudian membandingkannya untuk menemukan persamaan dan perbedaan fonem kedua bahasa tersebut.Fonem adalah unit terkecil dalam sebuah bahasa. Fonem juga diartikan sebagai pembeda karena meskipun satu huruf yang sama tetapi bisa saja memiliki bunyi fonem yang berbeda sehingga makna kata yang dihasilkan juga berbeda. Dalam thesis ini, penulis membandingkan fonem vokal berdasarkan tinggi rendahnya lidah, letak lidah dan bentuk bibir saat menghasilkan vokal tersebut, sedangkan fonem vokal dibandingkan berdasarkan tempat artikulasi, cara artikulasi dan bergetar atau tidak pada saat fonem konsonan tersebut dihasilkan.Skripsi ini menggunakan jenis penelitian kualitatif dan penelitian perpustakaan, sehingga penulis menggunakan beberapa sumber data tertulis yang didapatkan dari perpustakaan dan dari internet dalam pengerjaan skripsi ini. Kata Kunci : Analisis Kontrastif, Fonologi, Fonem, Vokal dan Konsonan Bahasa Inggris dan Bahasa Batak Toba. Universitas Sumatera Utara ABSTRACT This thesis entitled A Contrastive Analysis of Phonemes beween English and Toba Batak Language.This thesis analyze what vowel and consonant phonemes are found in both English and Toba Batak Language and then contrasts them to find out the similarities and the differences between both languages. Phoneme is the small unit of a language. It can distinguish a speech sound. The same letter can have the difference phoneme that can cause the difference meaning of a word.In this thesis, the writer contrasts the vowel phonemes based on the height of tongue, the position of tongue and the sape of lips when pronouncing them, while consonant phonemes are contrasted based on the lace of articulation, manner of articulation and the voicing when pronouncing them.This thesis applies qualitative research and library research, so the writer found some written source data from library and internet in doing this thesis. Keyword : Contrastive Analysis, Phonology, Phonemes, English and Toba Batak Language Vowels and Consonants. Universitas Sumatera Utara TABLE OF CONTENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRAK......................................................................................................................i ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................ii TABLE OF CONTENT.............................................................................................iii Chapter I INTRODUCTION...................................................................................... 1 1.1. Background of The Study...................................................................... 1 1.2.Problem of The Study............................................................................. 6 1.3.Objective of The Study........................................................................... 6 1.4. Scope of The Study................................................................................ 6 1.5. Significance of The Study...................................................................... 6 1.6. Method of The Study..............................................................................7 Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE........................................... 8 2.1. Contrastive Analysis Theory...................................................................... 8 2.2. Definition of Phonology..........................................................................10 2.3. Definition of Phoneme.............................................................................10 2.3.1. Vowel..............................................................................................11 2.3.2. Consonant........................................................................................12 2.4. English........................................................................................................13 2.5. Toba Batak Language...............................................................................13 Universitas Sumatera Utara Chapter III THE METHOD OF THE STUDY......................................................14 3.1. The Research Method..............................................................................14 3.2. The Data Collecting Method...................................................................14