National Chengchi University Diplomacy Department Master’s Thesis Academia and治 Chinese 政 大 立 Foreign Policy Decision學 國 Making: ‧ ‧ N a y t A Case Studyt of China’s EUi Policy i s o r n e 中國大陸學界與中共外交政策決策關係之研究a i v l C n hengchi U ─以中共的歐盟政策為例 Supervising Professor: Lu Yeh-Chung Student: Nicola C. Dean September 2013 Abstract This thesis discusses the role of academia in foreign policy-decision making in the People’s Republic of China, considering in particular the case of European Studies academia and China’s European Union policy, which merits greater scrutiny by outside observers. Faced with ever more complex foreign relations, the structure of Chinese foreign policy making is incorporating a growing number of external actors at both formal and informal levels. Academic circles are a case in point; as foreign policy research institutes evolve, diversify and optimise, their potential influence within policy making processes and circles is expanding in scope, and academics and their respective institutes are able to consolidate the impact of their research through a range of pathways, levels, and sources of influence. The European Studies field in China is robust and certain noteworthy experts are regularly called upon for advice and comment. What’s more, China’s only ever foreign政 policy 治paper in 2003 dealt with European Union policy, demonstrating the significance of Sino-European大 relations. In addition to applying the framework of 立academic influence identified herein to the case of the European Studies field, this thesis also provides a preliminary學 investigation of some of the field’s key research國 issue areas and current academic discourse, as well as connections with China’s European Union policy decisions in practice. ‧ ‧ N Key Words: Academia, Chinese Foreign Policy Decision Making, European Studies, a y t European Union, Policy Influence,t Research Institutes i i s o r n a e l i v C n hengchi U 摘 要 本論文旨在論述中國大陸學術界在中共外交政策的決策過程中所扮演的角色，並聚焦 在值得外界特別關注的個案─中國大陸的歐洲研究學界與中共的歐盟政策。在面對愈 來愈複雜的外交關係環境下，無論是在正式或非正式的層面，有更多外圍組織或人員 被納入中共的外交決策結構之中，其中最貼切的例子就是學術界。隨著中國大陸地區 外交相關科系或研究機構的演變、多元性和優質化的發展，其對外交政策之決策過程 與範圍的潛在影響力正在增長。學者與其相關的研究機構透過各種可能影響的途徑、 層次和來源，來鞏固其研究的影響力。中國大陸歐洲研究的領域目前正蓬勃發展，有 些傑出的專家經常被約見來提供建言或評論。除此之外，2003 年中國政府公布了中共 的歐盟政策官方文件，這是中共有史以來唯一宣布過的外交政策文件，其展現中歐關 係的重要性。本研究除了將論文中所界定的學術影響力框架應用於治 該歐洲研究的個案 之外，也提供學界對此一領域主要研究範圍和學術論述政 大的一個初步調查，以及其對中 共的歐盟政策決策上實務性的關聯。立 學 國 關鍵詞：學術界、中共外交決策、歐洲研究、歐盟、研究機構 ‧ ‧ N a y t t i i s o r n e a i v l C n hengchi U Table of Contents Chapter One: Introduction………………………………………………………………1 1.1 Literature Review……………………………………………………………………………2 1.1.1 The Formulation of China’s Foreign Policy…………………………………3 1.1.2 International Relations Academia in China…………………………………5 1.1.3 China’s Relations with the European Union………………………………8 1.2 Research Structure…………………………………………………………………………..11 1.2.1 Research Puzzle……………………………………………………………………….12 1.2.2 Research Questions………………………………………………………………12 1.2.3 Research Design………………………………………………………………………12治 1.2.4 Scope……………………………………………………………………………………1政 大 3 1.2.5 Limitations立………………………………………………………………………………14 1.2.6 Expected Contributions……………………………………………………………15學 1.2.7 Thesis Composition…………………………………………………………….17 國 Chapter Two: Practitioners and Decision Making ‧ in China’s Foreign ‧ PolicyN ……………………………………………………………………….19 a y 2.1 A Brief History of China’s Foreign Policy Decisiont Making……………..20 t i i s o r 2.2 China’s Foreignn Policy Decision Making…………………………………………e .23 a i v 2.2.1 Formal Structuresl C ……………………………………………………………………23n 2.2.2 Informal Mechanismshen………………………………………………………………31chi U g 2.3 Peripheral Actors in Chinese Foreign Policy…………………………………...35 Chapter Three: China’s Evolving International Relations Academia…………………………………………………………………40 3.1 The Evolution of International Relations Academia in China………….41 3.2 Classifying China’s International Relations Research Institutes…….50 3.3 China’s International Relations Research Institutes: Roles and Functions………………………………………………………………………………………….56 i Chapter Four: Mechanisms of Academic Influence on China’sForeign Po licy ………………………………………………………… .62 4.1 Models of Research Utilisation………………………………………………………...63 4.2 Pathways of Research Utilisation in China……………………………………...68 4.3 Factors of Policy Influence………………………………………………………………71 4.3.1 Levels of Influence…………………………………………………………………...72 4.3.2 Sources of Policy Influence……………………………………………………….74 4.3.3 Differentiated Sources of Influence…………………………………………..81 4.4 An Illustrative Case…………………………………………………………………………治 .86 政 大 Chapter Five: Academic立 Influence and China’s Policy towards the European Union………………………………………………………92學 國 5.1 China’s Policy towards the European Union……………………………………94 ‧ 5.2 Identifying Influential Actors in the European Studies Field………102 5.2.1 The‧ European Studies Field……………………………………………………103 5.2.2 EuropeanN Studies Research Institutes……………………………………..106 a y 5.2.3 Individual Academics……………………………………………………………t ..110 t i 5.2.4 Majorio Publications…………………………………………………………………s 115 r n e 5.3 Europe and Chinaa on the Global Stage…………………………………………v ..116 l i Ch Un 5.4 Problems in China-EU eRelationsngch……………………………………………………i 123 5.5 Learning from the European Union………………………………………………130 Chapter Six: Conclusion……………………………………………………………..141 Appendix I…………………………………………………………………………………………149 Appendix II………………………………………………………………………………………150 References………………………………………………………………………………………152 ii List of Abbreviations ASEAN +3 Association of South-East Asian Nations +3 (China, Japan, South Korea) ASEM Asia-Europe Meeting CAES Chinese Association for European Studies CASS Chinese Academy of Social Sciences CASS IES Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Institute of European Studies CCP Chinese Communist Party CESRUC Centre for European Studies at Renmin University CEUA China-EU Association CFAU China Foreign Affairs University CFAU ESC China Foreign Affairs University, European Studies Centre CICIR China Institutes of Contemporary政 治 International Relations CICIR IES China Institutes of Contemporary International大 Relations, Institute of European Studies立 CIISS China Institute for International Strategic Studies學 CIIS China Institute國 of International Studies CIIS ERS China Institute of International Studies, European Research Section CMAC Central Military Affairs Commission (PRC) ‧ CPPCC Chinese People’s‧ Political Consultative Conference CSEUS Chinese NSociety for European Union Studies a y CSSCI China Social Sciences Citation Index t t i ECSA European Communityi Studies Association s o r EU European Unionn e a i v FALSG Foreign Affairs Leadingl C Small Group n FISS Foundation for Internationalhen Strategicgchi StudiesU ILD International Liaison Department MoFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs (PRC) MofCOM Ministry of Commerce (PRC) NCCPC National Congress of the Communist Party of China PLA People’s Liberation Army SASS Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences SASTIND State Administration for Science, Technology and Industry for National Defence (PRC) SCO Shanghai Cooperation Organisation SIRPA School of International Relations and Public Affairs (Fudan University) SSCI Social Sciences Citation Index iii Chapter 1 Introduction China’s unprecedented rise is presenting the rest of the world with an enigmatic new great power, making its presence indelibly felt across the globe. And yet, many outsiders remain prone to misunderstanding or misinterpreting many of modern China’s manoeuvres and objectives on the global stage. In order to overcome this obstacle, it is imperative to construct a better understanding regarding a range of aspects of China’s 治 engagement with the outside world. With政 this in mind, 大this thesis will attempt to make a certain contribution to ‘unravelling立 the mystery’ of China’s foreign policy dynamics by 學 considering one specific國 topic in particular. As China’s domestic politics become more diverse and decentralised, and its external relations simultaneously‧ flourish and ‧ complexify, there is moreN leeway for non-governmental domestic actors to influence a y t foreign policy decisiont making. As this study will demonstrate,i China’s evolving io s academia is beginning to don just this. Growing progressively rin scope and influence, a e l i v international relations research C institutes, university ndepartments, and individual hengchi U academics are increasingly making their voice heard among foreign policy practitioners and wielding a real impact on policy decisions. Closer examination of international relations academia and its research output can thus shed light onto much of the thinking behind China’s foreign policy choices. This thesis will look in turn at China’s foreign policy decision making (Chapter Two); China’s evolving international relations academia (Chapter Three); and the mechanisms of academic influence on policy (Chapter Four). Finally, Chapter Five will illustrate the insights of the preceding three chapters with the example of the European Union, offering a preliminary exploration of 1 the case by identifying the key players in European Studies in China, the prominent debates within the field and the potential influence of academia on China’s policy towards the EU. Both China and the EU have become major actors in the world as a whole, and are also of great importance to each other both economically and strategically. However, although Chinese scholars keep careful watch over European analysis of China’s manoeuvres, European observers perpetually overlook the crucial and influential research output of China’s academics. This thesis will take the first preliminary steps to revealing