“IMPACT OF IRRIGATION ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT- A STUDY OF SHRIGONDA TAHSIL, AHMEDNAGAR DISTRICT, MAHARASHTRA” A thesis submitted to TILAK MAHARASHTRA VIDYAPEETH, PUNE, For the Degree of Vidyavachaspati (Ph.D.) In the subject of GEOGRAPHY Under the faculty of Moral and Social Sciences By Mr. Sopan Nivrutti Dalimbe Under the Guidance of Dr. N. M. Kadam M. A. Ph. D. (Geography) Principal, Shrimati Sitabai Ranguji Shinde Mahavidyalaya Bori (Bk), Tal. Junner, Dist. Pune October-2012 DECLARATION I hear by declare that the thesis entitle “Impact of Irrigation on Economic Development- A study of Shrigonda Tahsil, Ahmednagar District, Maharashtra” completed and written by me has not previously formed the basis for the award of any Degree or other similar title of this or other University or examining body. Mr. Sopan N. Dalimbe (Research Student) Place: Pravaranagar Date: October 2012 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Impact of Irrigation on Economic Development- A study of Shrigonda Tahsil, Ahmednagar District, Maharashtra” which is being submitted herewith for the award of the Degree of Vidyavachaspati (Ph.D.) in the subject of Geography of Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, Pune is the result of original research work completed by Shri. Sopan Nivrutti Dalimbe under my supervision and guidance. To the best of my knowledge and belief the work incorporated in this thesis has not formed the basis for the award of any Degree or similar title of this or any other University or examining body. Dr. N. M. Kadam (Research Guide) Place: Bori (Bk) Date: October 2012 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indeed grateful to Dr. N. M. Kadam, Ex. Principal, Shri. Dhokeshwar Mahavidyalaya, Takali Dhokeshwar, Tal: Parner, Dist: Ahmednagara, my guide for guiding me in completing this Ph. D. work. Without his advice, help enthusiasm inspiring and persistent guidance this work would not have been completed. I am also extremely grateful to Dr. Mrs. Bhagyshri Yargop, Head, Department of Geography, Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, Pune for encouragement and help. I cannot forget the valuable suggestions and help that I received from Dr. B. C. Vaidya, Head, Department of Geography, University of Pune, Dr. P. G. Saptarashi, Ex. Head, Department of Environment Science, University of Pune and Dr. S. N. Karlekar, P. G. Department of Geography, S. P. College, Pune. My grateful thanks are due to Padmbhushan, Hon. Balasaheb Vikhe Patil, Chairman, Pravara Rural Education Society, Pravaranagar, Hon. Rajendra Vikhe Patil, Member Management Council, University of Pune, Dr. S. R. Walunj, Secretory, Pravara Rural Education Society, Pravaranagar, Dr. B. J. Apparao, Principal, Jijamata College, Dnyaneshwarnagar and Dr. Ankush Aher, Principal, Arts and Commerce College, Pimpalgaon Pisa for their valuable advice and suggestions to enrich the subject matter of this research work. I gained much from discussions with Dr. S. R. Walunj, Principal, Padmashri Vikhe Patil College, Pravaranagar and Dr. N. M. Patil, Head, Department of Geography, Padmashri Vikhe Patil College, Pravaranagar for their valuable advice and suggestions to enrich the subject matter of this research work. I gained much from discussion with Mr. N. D. Bhandari, Head, Department of English, Padmashri Vikhe Patil College, Pravaranagar, Dr. A. J. Dhembare and Dr. A. R. Kurhe, Department of Zoology, Padmashri Vikhe Patil College, Pravaranagar, Dr, G. M. Pondhe, Department of Environmental Science, Padmashri Vikhe Patil College, Pravaranagar during analyzing the data for this work. I express my thankfulness to all my colleagues and friends in the various departments, Padmashri Vikhe Patil College, who encouraged and helped direct and indirectly to complete the Ph. D. research work. My sincere thanks are due to all those who have directly and indirectly contributed in the preparation of this research work. I am also grateful to the various officials of the State Government especially to the Director, Department of Irrigation, Nashik; Divisional Engineer, Irrigation Department, Kukadi Irrigation Project, Div.No.1, Narayangaon, Executive Engineer, Irrigation Department, Shrigonda; Director, Indian Meteorological Department, Pune; Director, Agricultural Census Commissioner, Ahmednagar; Director, District Statistical Abstract, Ahmednagar and Director, Socio Economic Review, Ahmednagar for their help. I am very thankful to Mr. B. B. Aher, Librarian, Padmashri Vikhe Patil College, Pravaranagar, Mrs. Shinde Madam, Librarian, PIRENS, Pravaranagar, Mr. Satpute, Librarian, IMD, Pune, Librarian, Mahatma Phule Krushi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri and Librarian, Gokhale Institute, Pune for their co-operation in providing me the relevant literature and data required in the writing of this research work. I am very thankful to Mr. Santosh Bhailume, Pune for their assistance in the preparation of maps and to Mr. Nilesh Dugam for text setting and computer printing. Last but not the least I am gratefully acknowledging the whole hearted support of my family members, specially my wife Sau. Sangita, son Mandar and daughter Diksha who encouraged me in completing this work time to time. Thank You Mr. Sopan Nivrutti Dalimbe. CONTENTS Sr. Page Chapter No. No. 1. INTRODUCIORY 1-36 1.1 General Introduction 1 1.2 Review of Literature 9 1.3 Study area 32 1.4 Selection of Study area and Topic 34 2. HYPOTHESIS, SCOPE, OBJECTIVES AND 37-82 METHODOLOGY 2.1 Hypothesis for the Present Study 37 2.2 Scope and Objectives 37 2.3 Specific Objectives and Problem 38 2.4 Relevance of the Study 39 2.5 Limitations 40 2.6 Study Region- Canal irrigation sources 41 2.7 Methodology 70 2.8 Sample Village Selection 71 2.9 Methods of Data Collection 79 2.10 Size and type of Samples 79 3. PHYSICAL AND CULTURAL SETTING 83-117 3.A. PHYSICAL SETTING 83 3.A.1 Introduction 83 3.A.2 Location, Situation and Site 83 3.A.3 Climate 85 3.A.4 Rainfall 85 3.A.5 Temperature 87 3.A.6 Humidity 88 3.A.7 Cloudiness 88 3.A.8 Winds 88 3.A.9 Natural Drainage 88 3.A.10 Soils 92 3.A.11 Vegetation 94 3.A.12 Geology 94 3.A.13 Rocks 97 3.A.14 Ground Water 98 3.A.15 Sunshine 100 3.B. CULTURAL SETTING 100 3.B.1 Introduction 100 3.B.2 Population 101 3.B.3 Population Growth 102 3.B.4 Density 103 3.B.5 Sex Ratio 104 3.B.6 Literacy 104 3.B.7 Irrigation 105 3.B.8 General Land Use 109 3.B.9 Cropping Pattern 112 3.B.10 Workers 112 3.B.11 Industries 114 4. ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 118-193 4.1 Caste Composition of the Sample Villages 118 4.2 Demographic Features of the Sample Villages 121 4.3 Distribution of Cultivators: LHS- wise and 133 Area Cultivated 4.4 Profits as a ration of NR/ Input 139 4.5 Fixed Cost for different crops: LHS-wise 141 4.6 Gross Revenue and Costs/ Hectare 142 4.7 Labour Utilization 145 4.8 Area Cultivated by Bullock pair- A Comparison 148 4.9 Live stock Particulars- Per farm 149 4.10 Per Farm Assets Comparative Study 150 4.11 Debt Position and Assets 156 4.12 Household Income Composition 160 4.13 Household Expenditure 164 4.14 Living Condition- Sample Villages 176 4.15 Relative position of sample cultivators with 187 reference to poverty line in the study villages 4.16 Poverty Line Analysis 188 5. STATISTICAL TREATMENT 194-205 5.1 Cobb Douglas function 194 5.2 Standard Normal from 198 Marginal Value Products1 (at Geometric Mean 5.3 Levels) 200 5.4 The Discriminant Function Analysis- Hotellings T2 analysis 201 6. MACRO LEVEL COMPARISON 206-228 6.1 Data base 206 6.2 Population 207 6.3 Density 207 6.4 Rural Population 207 6.5 Workers 208 Consolidation of Land or Change in land 6.6 holding Sizes 211 6.7 Study of Changes in Land Holding Size 214 6.8 Land Utilization and Irrigation 216 6.9 Crop Pattern 218 6.10 Markets 220 6.11 Implements 220 6.12 Live Stock 221 6.13 Electrification 222 6.14 Motor Vehicles and Roads 222 6.15 Literacy 224 6.16 Role of Co-operative 225 6.17 Primary Land Development Bank‟s Role 226 6.18 Health Facilities 226 7. CONCLUSION, PLANNING FOR FURTHER 229-256 DEVELOPMENT AND SUGGESTIONS 7.1 Conclusion 229 7.2 Planning for Further Development 232 7.3 Suggestions 254 * BIBLIOGRAPHY 257-265 * PHOTOGRAPHS 266-282 * QUESTIONNAIRE List of Tables Table Page Table Title No. No. 2.1 Distinguishing Features of Kukadi Project 45-46 2.2 Canals Under Kukadi Project 48 2.3 Water use for Five Dams (33871 Quebec Feet) 53 2.4 Irrigation Capacity: Five Dams Under Kukadi Project 54 2.5 Dam wise Irrigation Capacity, Including Canals and Season wise Irrigation Capacity 57 2.6 Canals Under Kukadi Project and Their Tahsil wise Irrigation Capacity (area in hectares) 60 2.7 District wise Irrigation Capacity of Kukadi Project 62 (area in hectares) 2.8 Tahsil wise Irrigation Potential- Under Divisional Irrigation Office Narayangaon 63 2.9 Crop Pattern- Under Kukadi Irrigation Project Area (area in hectares) 64 2.10 Today‟s Water Storage Capacity of Kukadi Project 68 2.11 Projects Benefited Irrigation Facilities 69 2.12 Area actually brought under irrigation and as a ratio of the targeted area (in all the three seasons) 70 2.13 Selected Villages % of Irrigated area to total area 73 2.14 Selected Villages Population and Households 77 2.15 Sample Farm Work-Probability Proportional Method 81 2.16 Distribution of Sample Farms out of the Total Villages 82 3.1 Shrigonda Tahsil General Land Use 110 4.1 Cast Composition in Sample Villages-LHS wise 119 4.2 Population (Age-Group) of the Sample Villages 122-123 4.3 Demographic Particulars of the Sample Villages 125 4.4 Ahmednagar District and Shrigonda Tahsil Literacy % 130 4.5 Age Group and Literates of the Sample Villages 131-132 4.6 Overall Literacy Rates