ArchitecturalArohiteotural Instituteエnstitute of Japan ー − 【カ テ ゴ リ 1 】 日 本建 築 学会 計 画 系 論 文 集 第 538号 ，259 267− ，200e年 12月 」．Archi し． Plann ． Environ． Eng．， AIJ， No ．538 ，259 267， Dec．，2eOO EVOLUTION OF CRITICS IN WESTERN MAGAZINES ON CONTEMPORARY JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE Western analysis of contemporary Japanese architecture 現 代 日 本 建築 に 対 す る西欧 雑 誌 の 評価 過程 西 欧 批 評 に よ る 現 代 日本 建 築 の 分 析 劭 棚 塑 姻 鸞 博 Thls 出 esis will fbcus on the Western analysis and criticism of Japanese architecture ． Many Westem critics and architectural researchers have been trying to discover the hidden concepts of Japanese space ． In order to understand this trend a comparative analysis of the evo1 面 on of Japanese architecture and Westem c 面 cs will be made ． Then ， ’ ， made The observations will be totracethe．Westem c 面 cs interestinJapanesearchitec財 e． evolution bftheircriticism might help us to discover many hidden concepts of space in Japanese architectUre ． Keyivords’．Japanese Architeeture， Space Concepts， Critics， Western Mag αzines 日 本 建 築、空 間 概 念 、批 評 、西 欧 雑 誌 1一正NTRODUCT10N 1． The dominant trend in general interest over the last few years 1・1−PLumPSg has not been towards criticism ． Instead， it is oriented towards This thesis wiil fbcus on the Western analysis and criticism of and biographies where criticism may be an profiles ， contemporary Japanese architectu τe ． Many Westem critics and UnCOm 負）rtable intUSiOn．． architectural researchers have been trying to discover山 e hidden 2． Over the last few years theoretical criticism ， as distinguished Japanese concepts of space ． It is interesting fbr us ， in this thesis， to 丘om practical or applied criticism ， has been growing、． in analyze the apProach made to understand a culture （Japanese ） academic fields， from a diffbrent（Westem ）perspective and state ofmind ． In order These observadons help us to define the state of criticism and to do this， a general view of the evolution of contemporary commentaries on Japanese architecture written by Westem c 面 cs ． Japmese architecture， as conditions affecting Western critics ， wilI L3 −PrOcedure be made ． The耳 we wm be able to analyze these critics and their I． We have chosen three of the main architectural magazines own evol 面 on ． Most of the a且 icles treated with the contemporary 血 at are involved in architectural criticism ， and reviewed the Japanese architectUre at the time of their publication． Although articles conceming Japanese architecture ． The choice was made some of them treated traditional architecture ， a comparison was taking into consideration ： made to fbcus on the contemporary one ． Therefbre， as we read a − The geographica1 and cultUral differences in the West itself about traditiona且Japanese architecture ， it is in the intent of putting （Europe and the United States）． Standards， points of interest and the contemporary architecture in In this by approaches could be different between America and Europe h perspective． paper， ． ‘ ， Japanese architecture we mean contemporary Japanese general，Americancritics stresson omament and image， whethcr architectUre ”． European critics stress on urbanism and participation． Ih Europe L2 −De 且 o arc ite criticism itsel the French magazine reflects somehow the inland £ ’ Using both the senses and the intellecthe critic analyzes and continent s of view and the British magazine reflects the ち point ， evalu 飢 es 山 e built enviro ent d i誌 e 飩 ct on 耐 nhabitants and off 」land， exp ］oring Point ofview ． users ． Criticism is different from commentary ． It is willing to b− The popularity and distribution of the magazines themselves． judge and to condemn ． in a smal1 comparative stUdy ， we can make They are purchased in both academic and professional circles ， the two observations ： ゜ ・ Graduate Student Kyushu Institute of Design M ， Architecture 九 州 芸 術 工 科 大 学 大学 院 生 建 築 学 修 士 鱒 ， ， ・ PrQf ．， Kyushu Institute Df Design， Dr ．Eng ． 九 州 芸 術 工 科 大 学 教 授 工 博 一 259 一 一 NII-ElectronicN 工 工 Eleotronio Library Service ArchitecturalArchitecturalInstitute Institute of Japan which gives us a wide perspective and a somewhat global point of architecture and architects, or if they are interested in Japan as a view.cT field ofwork and infiuence for Western architects. - TIie iftterest these magazines show in the subject discussed in in this section, we will arialyze the graphs shown below. And in this paper was also an impoTtant factor, All three of them had the observations, we will stress on special issues and leading discussed Japanese architecture, each one in its ovvn style. articles that show specia] interest in Japanese architecture, and These magazines are: serve our purpose in defining the Japanese concepts of space and related to subject, Architectute d'Atijourd'hui (France), ArchitectuTal Design (U,K.),thedevelopmentofWestern criticism that - The magazines, Arvhiteetura} Reeord (U.S.A.) Architectured'Atijourd'hui,Architectural 2, We rrradeathorough analysis of all the articles in order to Design, and ArchitecUiral Recora will be referred to as A.A., chart the evolution of Western criticism and its interest in A.D., and A,R, respectively. "...", JapaAese architecture and its development. - The in the texts are oftwo kinds: which quotations quote `...', 3. We traeed graphs related to the evolution of these mterests the author of the article, and which is a stress on certain ancl their relation with Japanese architecture. expressions of our own. - 4. Tl;e analysis and conclusien will be based on our observation Some authors are mentioned intheNotes section at theend of ofthese grapbs and the contents of the articles, especially what the paper. These critics contributed in an effective way to the is related to Japanese concepts of space. development of Western criticism, er had some interesting 5, MEiQugh sorne Japanese magnzincs, such as Japan Architect,analysis conceming Japanese architectural concepts ofspace. treat with the same subject, they refiect the Japanese editor's - Japanese concepts of space are taken from rnainly two sources: paint af view and interest. Our main concem was the Western a) the traditional architecture and magazines, ftom Europe and the U.S.A. Although some b) the architect's feeling and own perception ofspace. lapaiiese critics and analysts cofinibuted somet;mes ln these Iherefore, in analyzing Japanese concepts of space, it is necessary fofei'gn rrtagazines, they always refiected the foreign editor's to take into consideration the personal theughts of the architects, of view and interest. which are, in their turn, influenced subconsciously by their point'Ehis and tradition. 6, paper is the first ofa series ofpapers discussing Wester[t Japaneseculture gritics' anaiysis of Japanese architecture, We are concerned, in Any diseovery by Western crjtics concerning Japanese concepts of this pqper/. in anaiyzing Western magazines. The next paper wi]l space becomes ari axiom to them, And this becomes a target to have the ebj.ective of analyzing Western books. look for in contemporary architecture, and sometimes a criteria for comparison and judgement between traditional and contemporary 2- ANALYSgS architecture. It is perhaps a simplified, pragmatic Western method - After reviewing the articles concerning Japanese architecture in to try to understand the complicated, subjective Japanese way of the-thFee magazines, we have drawn two kinds ofgraphs: thinking. An exarnple to that is the spec{alissue of AD. in March A)-In the first kind (fig. 1,3,S) we show the chronological order of 1966. Gunther Nitschke tries to present the Ma concept as a the, arti'eles (x-axis) related to both nurnbers of pages of each formula and method ef design. And the Western-educated Arata "Ma: article on one side (left y-axis) and their categories on the other Isozaki does the same in his exhibition Space-Time in side (rtghr y-axis). We classified the categories (right y-axis) as: Japan" in 1978. It was an exhibition destined to Western audiences t'. News: simpie mentioning of architectural werks, sometimes not (Paris, New York) and, therefore, put in a relation to the Western exceecifng a few lines. It is a simple news bulletin in order just to use of space as a manipulable desigri concem. #1 knew what is happening in Japan on the architectural scene, 2.1-ptinttdlA m dibeM 2. Description: containing simple descriptions of prejects and After surveying the articles, we have drawn the fo11owing graphs: pPo arahitectLrral works. It is mainly functional aridfor technical E!]NbofPe es-Cete e -Po NbotPa es (Cetega ) description vvithout deep analysis. ltodoogegesiz 4 3. Analysis: discussing concepts and metheds of desigri ef /t1/1t/t.#lt architeets andtor prejects. Usually it goes deeper in the concept of the'prpiegt} sc)urces ofideas and analysis ofthe outcome. anGD40mooSSststF"SgegeSSrf>SSSsiSgeSSS 4. Spaee Concepts: related to Japanese concepts of space as a theme by themsetves, Since it is our main concern, we created this catngery in order to trace the critics' interest in searching for the Japanese cencepts as a theme, going beyond projects and arvhitmsL These categories show how deep an article has gone in discussing e o Japanese architecture, and we scaled them regardless of the number of pages of the articles. And aiming at the Japanese }ssuas concepts of space, we could trace them from the least deep to the Datesoff decpestenes. Figure 1 The Number of Pages and the Categories of All Articles Then we drevv the trend line relating the categories. This could us see and articles conceming our help to how deep thoroughthe 1 theme werrt through time. And we drew another trend line relating e-"sE" the rramber of pages of the articles. This could help us te see how sli's mueft is Japaiiese architecture occupying Western critics' and editorsj iryterest, l en- in tlte second kind of graphs (fig.