ARCADIS ECOLAS N.V. IEEP Roderveldlaan 3 Quai au Foin, 55 2600 Berchem 1000 Brussels Belgium Belgium Tel: +32 3 328.62.86 Tel: + 32 (0) 2 738 74 82 Fax: +32 3 328.62.87 Fax: + 32 (0) 2 732 40 04 http://www.arcadisecolas.be http://www.ieep.eu Contract N° 07010406/2006/441662/MAR/E3 Task 2 - Benefits for fYRoM and other countries of SEE of compliance with the environmental acquis Final Report– Part II: Country- specific report Albania The European Commission – DG Environment 06/11347/AL October 2007 Patrick ten Brink (IEEP) Ljupco Avramovski (Enviro-L) Stijn Vermoote (Arcadis Ecolas) Samuela Bassi (IEEP) Karen Callebaut (Arcadis Ecolas) Arnoud Lust (Arcadis Ecolas) Alistair Hunt (Metroeconomica) ARCADIS ECOLAS / IEEP / Metroeconomica / Enviro-L Content 06/11347 - Albania - Benefits of Compliance with environmental acquis - final report CONTENT CONTENT.................................................................................................................................... I LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................................III LIST OF TABLES .........................................................................................................................V LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................... VII LIST OF ANNEXES .................................................................................................................... IX EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................................XI 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY – ALBANIA .................................................................................XI 1.1 Benefit assessment air related directives..............................................................................xi 1.2 Benefit assessment water related directives ........................................................................xii 1.3 Benefit assessment solid waste related directives ............................................................... xiii 1.4 Benefit assessment nature related directives ...................................................................... xiv 1.5 Summary overview – Albania............................................................................................ xvi 2 OBJECTIVES......................................................................................................................1 3 INTRODUCTION TO ALBANIA...........................................................................................3 3.1 The environment ............................................................................................................... 3 3.2 The Economy .................................................................................................................... 3 4 BENEFITS ASSESSMENT OF AIR RELATED DIRECTIVES...................................................5 4.1 Current status of AIR QUALITY ........................................................................................... 5 4.1.1 National and regional level ................................................................................................. 5 4.1.2 Air Quality Regulation ........................................................................................................ 7 4.1.3 Air Quality Monitoring ........................................................................................................ 7 4.2 QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT............................................................................................. 8 4.2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 8 4.2.2 Methodology – The Impact Pathway Approach ..................................................................... 9 4.2.3 Emission Reduction Scenarios ............................................................................................. 9 4.2.4 Extent of Benefits ............................................................................................................ 10 4.3 MONETARY VALUATION: REDUCED AIR POLLUTION .......................................................... 12 4.3.1 Benefits upon full compliance............................................................................................ 12 4.3.2 Trans-boundary benefits................................................................................................... 13 4.4 Conclusions..................................................................................................................... 14 5 BENEFITS ASSESSMENT OF WATER RELATED DIRECTIVES...........................................15 5.1 Current status of different water uses and threats .............................................................. 15 5.1.1 Drinking water................................................................................................................. 15 5.1.2 Recreational uses of water................................................................................................ 16 5.1.3 River ecosystems............................................................................................................. 17 5.2 Assessment using qualitative and quantitative data............................................................. 18 5.2.1 Introduction to the Method of Assessment ......................................................................... 18 5.2.2 Benefits from improved drinking water quality and supply ................................................... 19 5.2.3 Benefits to recreational users of water............................................................................... 23 i ARCADIS ECOLAS / IEEP / Metroeconomica / Enviro-L Content 06/11347 - Albania - Benefits of Compliance with environmental acquis - final report 5.2.4 Benefits to river ecosystems ............................................................................................. 28 5.3 Monetary assessment....................................................................................................... 32 5.3.1 Benefits of Cleaner Drinking Water.................................................................................... 32 5.3.2 Bathing and other surface water quality – use values.......................................................... 33 5.3.3 Improved river ecosystem quality – non-use value.............................................................. 38 5.4 Aggregation of Benefits And Conclusions ........................................................................... 40 6 BENEFITS ASSESSMENT OF WASTE RELATED DIRECTIVES ...........................................47 6.1 Current status ................................................................................................................. 47 6.1.1 Waste generation and coverage ........................................................................................ 48 6.1.2 Recycling ........................................................................................................................ 49 6.1.3 Landfills .......................................................................................................................... 50 6.1.4 Packaging waste.............................................................................................................. 52 6.1.5 Incineration of waste ....................................................................................................... 52 6.1.6 Hazardous waste (HZW)................................................................................................... 53 6.1.7 Disposal of waste oil ........................................................................................................ 54 6.1.8 Batteries and accumulators............................................................................................... 54 6.1.9 Medical Hazardous waste ................................................................................................. 55 6.1.10 Disposal of PCB and PCT .................................................................................................. 55 6.1.11 TiO2 Directive .................................................................................................................. 55 6.2 Assessment using qualitative and quantitative data............................................................. 55 6.2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 55 6.2.2 National targets for the future years in the field of waste management ................................ 55 6.2.3 Landfill Directive .............................................................................................................. 56 6.2.4 Packaging Directive.......................................................................................................... 63 6.3 Summary and interpretation of results............................................................................... 65 6.3.1 Summary results of the assessment .................................................................................. 65 6.3.2 Extent of the benefits....................................................................................................... 65 6.3.3 Summary of analysis approach.......................................................................................... 66 7 BENEFITS