July August 2015 NEW STUDY CALCULATES THE COSTS OF CONFLICT RRRREVIEW PAGE 10 ISRAELIS AND PALESTINIANS The Price of Peace HEALTHY EATING, CURBSIDE: Food trucks go on a diet Bridging the CIVILIAN- MILITARY DIVIDE Truth, terrorism, AND TELEVISION AUDIO 1 INFOGRAPHIC BLOG VIDEO TESTIMONY 2 3 4 5 Picks Five IMAGE CREDITS, 1–5: ERHUI1979/ISTOCK; PEPIFOTO/ISTOCK; MBORTOLINO/ISTOCK; XUANHUONGHO/ISTOCK; RONFROMYORK/ISTOCK XUANHUONGHO/ISTOCK; MBORTOLINO/ISTOCK; PEPIFOTO/ISTOCK; ERHUI1979/ISTOCK; 1–5: CREDITS, IMAGE 1. National Security 2. Heart Health 3. Weaving Science 4. RAND Center for 5. Police– and the Partisan Making physical into Government Asia Pacific Policy Community Divide activity part of your Decisions This video highlights Relations Mike Rogers, former daily routine now can As the City of Santa how RAND is helping Criminologist congressman and pay off with a lifetime Monica’s research communities in Jessica Saunders former chair of the of health benefits. partner on The China, Indonesia, presented testimony House Intelligence Sticking with one Wellbeing Project, Vietnam, and on performance Committee, spoke small change at a RAND is helping to elsewhere in the metrics to improve at RAND on how time for 4–6 weeks identify measurable region solve critical police-community today’s political helps it become part social, physical, and problems pertaining relations before a environment affects of your daily routine. economic conditions to environment, joint committee national security that cultivate education, and of the California MORE AT policy. www.rand.org/t/IG118 communities that mental health. State Assembly thrive and flourish. and California MORE AT MORE AT State Public Safety www.rand.org/a150421 MORE AT www.rand.org/capp www.rand.org/b150429 Committees earlier this year. MORE AT www.rand.org/t/CT423 RAND July–August 2015 RRRREVIEW Putting Health to the (Taste) Test Fighting obesity 6 and poor nutrition, one food truck at a time Elba Ramirez added a turkey burger, healthy tacos, and other nutritious meals to the cheeseburgers and chili dogs on the menu of her Los Angeles–area food truck. The healthier options have sold well enough that she’s considering adding a veggie burger and rice bowls. “I like to cook, I like food. I thought it would be good business,” she explained. The Price of Bridging the Civilian- Peace Military Divide Watch what The Israeli- happens when academics Palestinian and military officers put their 10 conflict has 16 heads together. become a $173 billion quandary. Oratory POV Producer Howard Giving 2 RAND 5 Gordon on 9/11, 24, 20 Philanthropy VP Jack and responsible among early- Riley on entertainment and mid-career justice and professionals national security at RANDom 21 A visionary for the The Q&A partially blind 4 Research that helps the developing world COVER PHOTO ELDADCARIN/FOTOLIA BY RAND BOARD OF TRUSTEES EDITORIAL LETTERS REPORTS KAREN ELLIOTT HOUSE (chair), RICHARD Steve Baeck, Manager Send letters to RAND REVIEW, 1776 RAND reports are available on rand. J. DANZIG (vice chair), SHEILA BAIR, Corporate Communications Main Street, P.O. Box 2138, Santa org for free PDF download or can BARBARA BARRETT, CARL BILDT, Monica, CA 90407-2138, or e-mail be purchased as hard copies. RAND KENNETH R. FEINBERG, FRANCIS DESIGN [email protected] e-books are also available for Amazon’s Kindle, Apple’s iBookstore, and for most FUKUYAMA, MALCOLM GLADWELL, Dori Gordon Walker PERMISSIONS other popular e-book platforms. 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TRUSTEES EMERITI Tax ID 95-1958142 HAROLD BROWN, FRANK C. CARLUCCI C O R P O R A T I O N Oratory In the Interest of Justice On May 16, 2015, K. Jack Riley delivered a will be the probation officers, the corrections commencement speech to graduates of the officers, and the forensics experts in whose Department of Criminology at the University hands the liberty of many will reside. You will of Pennsylvania School of Arts and Sciences. Below are excerpts from his speech. be the legal scholars, judges, journalists, and academics who will debate and tip the ever- The line between criminal justice and national shifting balance between security and liberty. security is getting blurrier all the time. Many of So, although I don’t have the answers to the the same issues that burden our communities many tough questions we face, I do have three also burden our foreign policy and our conduct principles that I think can help your generation of international affairs. Consider these issues of practitioners and scholars take us where we that have been in the news lately: profiling, need to go. sexual assault, and apprehension and deten- tion practices. Principle No. 1: Commit yourselves to objective, dispassionate, scientific We are all familiar with profiling in the context analysis. Advocacy is laudable and necessary, of police stops of motor vehicles or in the but it must be grounded empirically before it context of TSA and Homeland Security officials can succeed. trying to spot terrorists at airports. But profiling is used in many other efforts to counter violent Back in the mid-2000s, [two colleagues and extremism. Most notably, the president has the I] became interested in drug sentencing. power, on the basis of behavioral and physical California and Arizona voters had passed ballot profiling of suspected terrorists, to authorize initiatives that were in large part motivated by Jack Riley is vice president and director “signature strikes” with drones, meaning that the perceived oversentencing of low-level drug of the RAND National Security Research the government can attack and potentially kill offenders, especially marijuana offenders. In Division. NSRD conducts research and someone based not on trial and conviction but both states, the initiatives were expected to analysis for the Office of the Secretary on behavior patterns alone. divert these offenders, thought to be low-level, of Defense, the Joint Staff, the Unified Commands, the defense agencies, the The issue of sexual assaults affects our security from prison to treatment. Department of the Navy, the U.S. Intelligence institutions greatly. For example, in the absence We secured the cooperation of prosecutors in Community, the U.S. Department of State, of analysis, the issue of sexual assault in the mil- both states and traced the paths of individuals allied foreign governments, and foundations. From 1995 to 1999, Riley was with the U.S. itary had become so heated that some members from arrest, through prosecution and plea- Department of Justice, where he conducted of Congress were proposing to overturn several bargaining, to their ultimate sentence. We research and managed programs addressing decades, if not centuries, of precedent and move coded the quantities of drugs each person had a wide variety of issues, including domestic sexual assault offenses out of the military chain been caught with, the absence or presence of a terrorism, immigration reform, substance of command and into the civilian system. firearm, and other factors. We also traced what abuse trends, violent crime, offender monitoring, and law enforcement reforms. We see the issue of police apprehension explod- happened during the plea-bargaining process. ing nationwide because of the use of force As the graduates here know, plea-bargaining against civilians in Ferguson and Staten Island is the widely accepted practice under which and Baltimore and beyond. Likewise, in military prosecutors and offenders negotiate, typically detention over the past decade, we have seen for shorter prison sentences in exchange for deplorable acts of abuse committed by our sure convictions. own people at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq and What we found surprised many people. Namely, troubling methods of prisoner interrogation at the black boxes of prosecution and plea- Guantánamo Bay detention camp in Cuba. bargaining had been obscuring the ground These events could cause us to doubt the fair- truth: The offenders who had been imprisoned ness of our systems of justice. In all of these on low-level drug charges had often pled down cases, at home and abroad, personal security their cases from far more serious offenses, fre- is at stake, liberties are at stake, and lives are quently involving substantial quantities of drugs. at stake. How do we simultaneously ensure Our analysis supported what the district at- security, preserve liberty, and protect lives? torneys were claiming in both states: that they This is where I am looking to you for help. You would no longer have the incentive to plea- 2 RAND.ORG | JULY–AUGUST 2015 bargain, because any serious offender given analysis focused on the issue of potential racial ing that they would get a fair hearing under a low-level charge would automatically avoid bias in routine traffic stops. We helped design U.S. justice. conviction and be diverted to treatment. As a the data collection form.