FURTHER READINGS CHAPTER I The N.A.J. and the N.M.M.L. now have between them the private papers or most Viceroys and Secretaries or State in microfilms. For the papers of Governors and lower-Ievel officials, however, the, researcher still has to go to the I.O.L. (London) or the Cambridge South Asia Study Centre. The N.A.I. holdings or the Government of India files are in some ways superior to those of the I.O.L.; a useful guide here is Low, Iltis and Wainwright, Governmenr Archives il/ South Asia (Cambridge, 1969). The N.M.M.L. has buHt up a magnificent collection on 20th Century Indian history, including private papers of Indian politicians and businessmen, the AII-India Congress Committee files, documents or the States People's Movement and labour and kisan organizations, recorded interviews of political activists, and microfilms of unpublished theses. Contemporary pamphlets lie scattered in many libraries, and proscribed publications may be read at the N.A.I., I.O.L. and the British Museum. Newspaper preservation leaves much to be desired, though there are valuable collections at the National Library (Caleutta), N.M.M.L., I.O.L. and the British Museum. Excerpts from contemporary documents, mainly official, may be read in C. H. Philips (ed.) Evolution of India and Pakislan 1858-1947 (London, 1962); see also B. L. Grover (ed.), A Documentary Sludy of Brilish Policy towards Indian National/sm (Delhi, 1967), from which I have taken the quotations from Dufferin and Reay. Constitutional documents are easily available, in A. C. Banerji (ed.), Indian Constitutional Documenls 1757-1947, 4 vols. (Calcuha, 1961), and Gwyer and Appadorai (ed.) Speeches and Documents 01/ the II/dian COl/slitution, 2 vols. (London, 1957). The more advanced student will find fascinating material on the last years or Briti~h rule in the official papers printed in N. Mansergh (ed.), Transfer of Power 1942-47 (Nine volumes published so far, London, 1970 onwards). The Indian Council of Historical Research has planned two multi-volume series or documents, taken more from non-official sources, on the national movement and on the last decade of British rule (Towards Freedom project) but these are still at the preparatory stage. The recent spurt in research has rendered largely out-or-date old text­ books and surveys like P. Spear, Oxford History 0/ lI/dia (New Delhi, 1974), P. Sitaramayya, His tory of tlre Indiall Natiol/al COllgress, 2 \'ols. (Bombay, 1946-47) or R. C. Mazumdar (ed.) Brilish Paramounlcy al/d I,,,/illll Rel/ais­ sal/ce (Bombay, 1<)74) a~d Struggle for Freedom (Bombay, 1969). A similar comment has to be made about the two general histories of the national movement, "'fitten from sharply opposed points or view; Tarachand, History of Ihe Freedom Movemel/t ill India, 4 vols. (Delhi, 1961-72) and 4S6 MODERN INDIA R. C. Mazumdar. HIstory 0/ Freedom Movement. :3 vols. (Calcutta, 1962-63). Bipan Chandra. Modern lndia (New Delhi, 1971), though written for schools, is a valuable introduction. R. P. Dutt, Tndia Today (Bombay, 1947; revised edn, Calcutta, 1970) and D. R. Gadgil, lndllstrial Evolution 0/ India In Recent Times (Bombay, 1944) remain useful as general survey~ of econo­ mie developments. M. N. Srinivas, Social Change in Modern lndia (Cali­ romia. 1966) provides an introduction to relevant sociological concepts. Official attitudes are surveyed on the basis of private papers in S. Gopal, Brltish Policy in India /858-1905 (Cambridge, 1965), while Hutchins, Illusion 0/ Permanence fPrinceton, 1967), has many iIIuminating insights. Among the numerous studies of individual Viceroys. mention may be made of Ronaldshay, Life 0/ Lord Curzon, Vol. 11 (London, 1928); M. N. Das, lndia under Minto and Morley (London, 1964); S. Gopal, Viceroyalty 0/ Lord Irwl" (Oxford, 1957); and the recent study of Chelmsford by P. Robb, The Government o/Indla and Re/orm Policies Towards Politics and the Con­ stltution 1916-21, London, 1976). R. Coupland's old study of constitutional developments, Constitutional Problem in India (London. 1944), is still useful in its own limited field. The offieial edition of the Collected Worb of Gandhi (New Delhi, 1958, onwards) now runs into 70 volumes, while the Selected Worb of Jawaharlal Nehru (New Delhi, 1972 onwards) have gone up to 13 volumes so rar. Many Indian leaders have left autobiographies: Surendranath Banerji, A Nation in Making (Caleutta, 1925, 1963); Bepin Chandra Pal, Ml'mories 0/ My U/e and Times (2nd edn., Calcutta, 1913); Lajpat Rai, Autobiographical Writings (cd. V. C. Joshi, Delhi, 1965); M. K. Gandhi, Story 0/ My Experi­ rMnts with Truth (First English edn., Ahmedabad, 1927); J. Nehru, An Autobiography (London, 1936); Subhas Bose, The Indian Struggle (Caleutta, 1935, 1964); Maulana Azad, India Wins Freedom (Bombay, 1959), and Rajendra Prasad, An Autobiography (Bombay, 1957). The massive biogra­ phical literature includes S. Wolpert, TUak and Gokhale (California, 1':'62); B. R. Nanda, Gokhale, The Indian Moderates and the British Raj (Delhi, 1977); Tendulkar's 8 volumes biography of Gandhi, The Mahatma (Delhi, 1960-63); Pyarelal's works on Gandhi's first and last phase (Ahmedabad, 1956-58); M. Brecher, Nehru: A Political Biography (London, 1959) and S. Gopal, lawaharlal Nehru, Vol. I (London, 1976). John Strachey, India (London, 1888), V. Chirol, Indian Unrest (London, 1910), and Verney Lovett, A His/ory 0/ the Indian Nationalist Movement (London, 1920, 1968) make interesting reading as typifying unabashed imperialist historiography. A number of State Governments after 1947 commissioned official histories of the freedom movement for their own regions; these at times contain useful sOlörce-materials, particularly Govern­ ment of Bombay, Source-materials tor alIistDry 0/ the Freedom MOllement in India, Vols. I, II (Bombay, 1959) and M. Venkatarangiyya, Freedom Struggle in Andhru Pradesh, 3 vols. (Hyderabad, 1965). The first generation of Mantian work on modern Indian history is 'represented, apart from R. P. Dutt, by M. N. Roy,lndla in Transition (1922; new edn., Bombay, 1971) A. R. Dcsai, Social Background 0/ Indian Nationalism, (Bombay, 1959 and PURTHER READINGS 457 Balabushevicb and Dyakov (ed.), A Contemporary HIstory ollndia (New Delhi, 1964). Soviet historians have also published a volume 00 TiJak: ReisDer and Goldberg (eds.), Tilak and the Struggle lor Indian Freedom, (New Delhi, 1966) and sev~ral books on modern economic history, V. Pavlov, Indian Capitalist Class (New Delhi, 1964); A. Levltovski, Capital­ Ism in India, (New Delhi, 1966). For interpretations on nationalism in terms of regional elites, see Anil Seal, The Emergenee ollndlan Nationalism: Competltlon and Collaboratlon in the Later 19th Cenlury (Cambridge, 1968); J. H. Broomfield, Elile Con/liet in a Plural Soeiety-20th Century Bengal (Berkeley, 1968); and Judith Brown, Gandhi's Rise to Power-Indian PoiWes 1915-1922 (Cambridge, 1972), Brown's second böok, Gandhi Qnd Civil Disobedienee; The Mahatma in Indian Polities 1928-34 (Cambridge, 1977), tries to combine, rather uneasily, the early and the revised 'Cambridge' approach. The revised version, emphasizing locality and faction, was annouoced in Gallagher, Johnson, Seal (eds.), Loea/ity, Provinee and Natioll (Cambridge, 1973), and developed in Gordon Johnson, Provincial Polities alld Indian Nationalism: Bombay and the Indian National Congress 1880-1915 (Cambridge, 1973); F. Robinson, Separatism among Indian Muslims: The Polities 01 the United Provinces Muslims, 1860-192:1 (Cambridge, 1974); C. J. Baker and D. A. Washbrook, South India 1880-1940 (Delhi, ]975); C. A. Bayly, Local Roots 01 Indian Polities-Allahabad 1880-1920 (Oxford, 1975); D. A. Washbrook, The Emer­ genee 01 Provlneial Polities: Madras Presideney 1870-192fJ (Cambridge, 1976); and C. J. Baker, The Polities 01 South India, 1920-1927 (Cambridge, 1976). The recently published Gallagher memorial number of Modern Asian Studies, Baker, Johnson,' Seal, (eds.) Power, Profit and Polities: Essays on Imperiallsm, Nationalism and Change in 20th Centur, India, (Cambridge, 1981) seems to indicate yet another shirt, with political analysis in terms of factions largely abandoned, except in Seal', two articles, in favour of economic history. D. A. Low has edited two important collections of essays, Soundings in Modern South Aslan History (Califomia, 1968) and Congress and the Raj: Faeets olthe Indian StrUlgle 1917·47 (London, 1977); whiIe Ravinder Kumar (cd.), Essays on Gandhian Polities: The Rowlatt Satyagraha 011919 (Oxford, 1971) is anotber major product of scholarship based on Canberra. Robin Jeffrey (ed.), People, Prinees and Paramount Power: Soeiety and Pollties in the Indian Prineely States (Delhi, 1978), James Manor, Politieal Change in an Indian State: Mysore 1917-55 (Delhi, 1977) and Byorn Hettne, Politicol Economy olIndireet Rule: Mysore 188J·1947 (London, 1977) venture into so rar largely negJected terrain. Recent studies of Imperial policy-making include R. J. Moore, Crisis 01 Indian Unity 1917-40 (Oxford, 1974) and P. S. Gupta, Imperialism and British Lahour (London, 1975). Among American scholars, special mention has 10 be made of J. R. McLane's excel· lent study, Indian Natiollalism and the Early Congress (Princeton, 1977). W. Hauser's thesis on the Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha rernains UD­ publlshed, but is available in microfilm at the Nehru Museum. Peter Hardy's The Muslims 01 Brltlsh 1ndiQ (Cambridae, 1972) is a valuable intro- 458 MODERN INDIA duction to the problems of Indian Muslims; see also Zia-ul-Hasan Faruqi, The Deoband Se"ool and the Demand lor Pakistan (Asia, 1963) and Aziz Ahmed, Islamie Modernism ilJ India alld Pakistan 1857-1964 (Londori, 1967). More rccent publications include Rafiuddin Ahmad's interesting attempt at a 'history from below' of rural Islam, Tlle Bengal Muslims 187/-1906: A Quest for Idenlity (Delhi, 1981), and two studies of tbe post-First World War period, Mushirul Hasan's Nationalism and Commlmal Polities in India, 1916-1928 (Delhi, 1979) and D. Page, Prelude to Parlition: Al/-India Muslim Polities, 192/-32 (Delhi, 19RI).