DICTIONARY OF HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND SECURITY Dr. David Edward Marcinko, MBA , CFP© Certifi ed Medical Planner© Editor-in-Chief Hope Rachel Hetico, RN, MSHA, CPHQ Certifi ed Medical Planner© Managing Editor NEW YORK 33021009_FM1.indd021009_FM1.indd i 003/17/20073/17/2007 116:48:506:48:50 Copyright © 2007 Springer Publishing Company, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmit- ted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Springer Publishing Company, LLC. Springer Publishing Company, LLC 11 West 42nd Street New York, NY 10036 www.springerpub.com Acquisitions Editor: Sheri W. Sussman Production Editor: Carol Cain Cover design: Mimi Flow Composition: Apex Publishing, LLC 07 08 09 10/ 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dictionary of health information technology and security / David Edward Marcinko, editor-in-chief, Hope Rachel Hetico, managing editor. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN-13: 978-0-8261-4995-4 (alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8261-4995-2 (alk. paper) 1. Medical informatics—Dictionaries. 2. Medicine—Information technology—Dictionaries. 3. Medical informatics—Security measures— Dictionaries. I. Marcinko, David E. (David Edward) II. Hetico, Hope R. [DNLM: 1. Informatics—Dictionary—English. 2. Medical Informatics— Dictionary—English. 3. Computer Communication Networks—Dictionary— English. 4. Computer Security—Dictionary—English. W 13 D557165 2007] R858.D53 2007 610.3—dc22 2007005879 Printed in the United States of America by RR Donnelley. 33021009_FM1.indd021009_FM1.indd iiii 003/17/20073/17/2007 116:48:516:48:51 Th e Dictionary of Health Information Technology and Security is dedicated to Edward Anthony Marcinko Sr., and Edward Anthony Marcinko Jr., of Fell’s Point, Maryland. Th ey constantly reminded us to present concepts as simply as possible, as we endeavored to create a comprehensive Dictionary relevant to the entire health care industrial complex. 33021009_FM1.indd021009_FM1.indd iiiiii 003/17/20073/17/2007 116:48:516:48:51 33021009_FM1.indd021009_FM1.indd iivv 003/17/20073/17/2007 116:48:516:48:51 Contents Biographies . vii Preface . .xi Foreword . xv Acknowledgments . .xvii Instructions for Use . xix Terminology: A–Z . 1 Acronyms and Abbreviations . .331 Bibliography . .377 33021009_FM1.indd021009_FM1.indd v 003/17/20073/17/2007 116:48:516:48:51 33021009_FM1.indd021009_FM1.indd vvii 003/17/20073/17/2007 116:48:516:48:51 Dr. David Edward Marcinko, MBA, CFP©, CMP©, is a health care technology futurist, economist, lexi- cographer, and board certifi ed surgical fellow from Temple University in Philadelphia. A prolifi c writer, he edited fi ve practice- management books, three medical texts in two languages, six fi nancial planning books, three CD-ROMs, a quarterly periodical and a four volume comprehensive dictionary series (www. Health DictionarySeries.com) for physicians, hospitals, fi nancial advisors, accountants, attorneys, and health care business consultants. Internationally recognized for his work, he provides litigation support and expert witness testimony in State and Federal Court, with hundreds of clinical publications archived in the Library of Congress and the Library of Medicine at the National Institute of Health. His thought lead- ership essays have been cited in journals such as: Managed Care Executives, Healthcare Informatics, Medical Interface, Plastic Surgery Products, Teaching and Learning in Medicine, Orthodontics Today, Chiropractic Products, Podia- try Today, Investment Advisor Magazine, Registered Representative, Financial Advisor Magazine, CFP © Biz (Journal of Financial Planning), Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA.ama-assn.org), Th e Business Journal for Physicians and Physician’s Money Digest; by professional organizations such as the Medical Group Management Association (MGMA), American College of Medical Practice Executives (ACMPE), American College of Physician Executives (ACPE), American College of Emergency Room Physicians (ACEP), Health Care Management Associates (HMA), and Physicians Practice. com; and by academic institutions such as the Northern University College of Business, Creighton University, UCLA School of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Washington University School of Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, University of P ennsylvania Medical and Dental Libraries, Southern Illinois College of Medicine, University at Buff alo Health Sciences Library, University of Michigan Dental Library, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Emory University School of Medicine, Georgetown University, and the Goizueta School of Business at Emory Univer- sity, among others. Dr. Marcinko received his undergraduate degree from Loyola University (Baltimore), completed his internship and residency training at Atlanta Hospital and Medical Center, received fellowship confi rmation in Las Vegas, earned his business degree from the Keller Graduate School of Management (Chicago), and earned his fi nancial planning diploma from Oglethorpe University (Atlanta). He is a former licensee of the Certifi ed Financial Planner© Board of Standards (Denver) and holds the Certifi ed Medical Planner© (CMP©) designation. He 33021009_FM1.indd021009_FM1.indd vviiii 003/17/20073/17/2007 116:48:516:48:51 BIOGRAPHIES viii held general securities (Series #7), uniform securities state law (Series #63), and registered investment advisory representative (Series #65) licenses from the National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD). He was a Certifi ed Physician in Healthcare Quality (CPHQ); a certifi ed American Board of Qual- ity Assurance and Utilization Review Physician (ABQAURP); and is a member of the American Society of Health Economists (ASHE) and the International Health Economics Association (iHEA); a member of the American Health Information Management Association (AHIMA) and the Healthcare Informa- tion and Management Systems Society (HIMSS); a member of the Microsoft Professional Accountant’s Network (MPAN); a registered member of the U.S. Microsoft Partner’s Program (MPP); a member of the Microsoft Health User’s Group (MS-HUG); a Sun Executive Boardroom program member sponsored by CEO Jonathan Schwartz; a member of the Healthcare Informatics Execu- tive Panel and member of SUNSHINE [Solutions for Healthcare Information, Networking, and Education], an international community for health care IT innovation created by HIMSS and Sun Microsystems, Inc. (NASD-SUNW). He is also a life, disability, health, property-casualty, annuity, and insurance professional for the State of Georgia. Aft er a brief stint as a visiting instructor in fi nance and health care administration at several business schools in the Southeast, he was appointed Academic Provost of i MBA Inc., to lead the fi rm’s adult online learning ( heutagogy) initiatives as an educator, interactive Web site engineer, Offi ce- Live™ and Windows Vista™ operating system beta-tester for the Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Washington (NASD-MSFT), and interim Chief Visionary Offi cer for a B2B telecommunication fi rm that failed in its bid for venture capital, but fl ourished in the private sector. Dr. Marcinko also has numerous other editorial and reviewing roles to his credit. His most recent off ering from Springer Publishing Company is Th e Business of Medical Prac- tice (Advanced Profi t Maximization Techniques for Savvy Doctors [second edition]). A favorite on the lecture circuit oft en quoted in the media, he speaks frequently to medical and fi nancial societies throughout the country in an entertaining and witty fashion. Currently, Dr. Marcinko is Chief Executive Offi cer for the Institute of Medical Business Advisors, Inc. (www.MedicalBusinessAdvisors.com). Th e fi rm is headquartered in Atlanta, has offi ces in fi ve states and Europe, and works with a diverse list of individual and corporate clients. It sponsors the professional Certifi ed Medical Planner© charter designation program (www. Certifi edMedicalPlanner.com). As a national educational resource center and referral alliance, the i MBA Institute and its network of independent professionals provide solutions and managerial peace-of-mind to medical pro- fessionals, emerging health care organizations and their consulting business advisors and fi nancial fi duciary consultants. 33021009_FM1.indd021009_FM1.indd vviiiiii 003/17/20073/17/2007 116:48:526:48:52 ix BIOGRAPHIES Hope Rachel Hetico, RN, MSHA, CPHQ, CMP©, received her nursing degree (RN) from Valparaiso University and Master’s of Science Degree in Health Care Administration (MSHA) from the University of St. Francis, in Joliette, Illinois. She is the editor of a dozen major textbooks and a nationally known expert in managed medical care, medical reimbursement, case management, health insurance, security and risk man- agement, utilization review, HIPAA, NACQA, OSHA, HIPAA, HEDIS, and JCAHO rules and regulations. Initially, a devotee of pedagogy, Ms. Hetico became an apostle of adult learning using the andragogic principles of i MBA for corporate, professional, and practitioner audiences. She continually recruits and hosts a think-tank of talented thought–leadership visionaries, essayists, and experts for the iMBA Lexicon Query Social Network© and collaborative Web site (www.HealthDic- tionarySeries.com). With this documented history of identifying innovations in education and accelerating