Global Environment Facility GEF MSP Sub-Saharan Africa Project (GF/6010-0016): “Development and Protection of the Coastal and Marine Environment in Sub-Saharan Africa” MOZAMBIQUE NATIONAL REPORT PHASE 1: INTEGRATED PROBLEM ANALYSIS António Mubango Hoguane (National Coordinator), Helana Motta, Simeão Lopes and Zélia Menete March 2002 Disclaimer: The content of this document represents the position of the authors and does not necessarily reflect the views or official policies of the Government of Mozambique, ACOPS, IOC/UNESCO or UNEP. The components of the GEF MSP Sub-Saharan Africa Project (GF/6010-0016) "Development and Protection of the Coastal and Marine Environment in Sub-Saharan Africa" have been supported, in cash and kind, by GEF, UNEP, IOC-UNESCO, the GPA Coordination Office and ACOPS. Support has also been received from the Governments of Canada, The Netherlands, Norway, United Kingdom and the USA, as well as the Governments of Côte d'Ivoire, the Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Seychelles, South Africa and Tanzania. Table of Contents Page Eexecutive Summary................................................................................................................................ i Mozambique Country Profile................................................................................................................ vii Chapter 1 1. Background............................................................................................................................1 1.1 The National Report...............................................................................................................1 1.2 A Brief Overview of the Environmental and Socio-Economic Situation in Mozambique....1 1.2.1 Demography...........................................................................................................................2 1.2.2 Economy ................................................................................................................................2 1.2.3 Coastal Physical Features and Environment..........................................................................2 1.2.4 Marine Ecosystems................................................................................................................4 1.2.5 Coastal Mineral Resources ....................................................................................................5 1.2.6 Fisheries and Aquaculture .....................................................................................................6 1.2.7 Agriculture.............................................................................................................................8 1.2.8 Manufacturing Industries.......................................................................................................8 1.2.9 Ports and Harbours.................................................................................................................8 1.2.10 Recreational Parks and Tourism ............................................................................................8 Chapter 2 2. Identification of Hot Spots, of Sensitive Areas, and of Overriding Issues ..........................10 2.1 Scaling: Prioritisation of Hot Spots and Sensitive Areas.....................................................11 2.2 Scoping: Prioritisation of Issues ..........................................................................................11 2.3 Hot Spots .............................................................................................................................11 2.4 Sensitive Areas ....................................................................................................................13 Chapter 3 3. Assessment of Impacts.........................................................................................................15 3.1 Shortage of Freshwater and Floods......................................................................................15 3.1.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................15 3.1.2 Environmental Impacts ........................................................................................................16 3.1.3 Socio-Economic Impacts .....................................................................................................20 3.1.4 Transboundary Impacts........................................................................................................21 3.1.5 Indicators .............................................................................................................................21 3.2 Loss and Modification of Habitats.......................................................................................24 3.2.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................24 3.2.2 Mangroves ...........................................................................................................................25 3.2.3 Coral Reefs ..........................................................................................................................26 3.2.4 Seagrass Beds ......................................................................................................................30 3.2.5 Endangered Species .............................................................................................................30 3.2.6 Transboundary Impacts........................................................................................................31 3.3 Over-Exploitation of Fishery Resources..............................................................................36 3.3.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................36 3.3.2 Environmental Impacts of Over-Exploitation of Fish Resources ........................................39 3.3.3 Socio-Economic Impact of Over-Exploitation of Fish Resources.......................................39 3.3.4 Transboundary Impacts........................................................................................................39 3.3.5 Indicators .............................................................................................................................39 3.3.6 Future Trends.......................................................................................................................40 3.4 Destructive Fishing Methods...............................................................................................43 3.4.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................43 3.4.2 The Main Destructive Fishing Practised in Mozambique....................................................43 3.4.3 Environmental Impacts ........................................................................................................43 3.4.4 Socio-Economy Impacts ......................................................................................................44 3.4.5 Transboundary Impacts........................................................................................................44 3.4.6 Indicators .............................................................................................................................44 Chapter 4 4. Causal Chain Analysis.........................................................................................................46 4.1 Modification of Streamflow.................................................................................................46 4.1.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................46 4.1.2 Identification and Quantification of Immediate or Technical Causes .................................46 4.1.3 Identification of Linkages With Direct Resource use or Sector Pressure............................51 4.1.4 Increased Water Demand in the Country and Associated Land Use Changes ....................52 4.1.5 Changes in Rainfall Patterns................................................................................................54 4.1.6 Responses Favouring or Mitigating Resource Use..............................................................58 4.1.7 Factors Beyond the Country Boundary................................................................................60 4.1.8 Actions Recommended ........................................................................................................60 4.1.9 Constraints to Action ...........................................................................................................62 4.2 Loss and Modification of Habitats.......................................................................................62 4.2.1 Mangroves ...........................................................................................................................62 4.2.2 Coral Reefs ..........................................................................................................................64 4.2.3 Commonality, Overlaps, Gaps.............................................................................................68 4.2.4 Recommendations................................................................................................................68 4.3 Unsustainable