A Service-oriented Integration Platform for Flexible Information Provisioning in the Real-time Factory Von der Graduiertenschule GSaME Graduate School of Excellence advanced Manufacturing Engineering der Universität Stuttgart zur Erlangung der Würde eines Doktor-Ingenieurs (Dr.-Ing.) genehmigte Abhandlung Vorgelegt von Jorge Mínguez aus Madrid (Spanien) Hauptberichter: Prof. Dr. Bernhard Mitschang Mitberichter: Prof. Dr. Engelbert Westkämper Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 15. März 2012 Institut für Parallele und Verteilte Systeme (IPVS), Abteilung Anwendersoftware 2012 3 Acknowledgement First of all, I would like to express my most sincere thankful thoughts to my doctoral supervisor and mentor Prof. Mitschang at the Institute for Parallel and Distributed Systems for giving me the opportunity to do my research in his group. I am specially thankful for his continuous sup- port and extraordinary dedication during the last four years of my career. Thanks to his valuable advice and experience, I have been able to success- fully conduct my scientific research and to grow as a researcher and asa person. I also want to thank Prof. Westkämper for creating an outstanding aca- demic environment for doctoral researchers in engineering, computer sci- ence, management and economics. Through his vision and dedication, theGraduateSchoolofExcellenceadvanced Manufacturing Engineering (GSaME) was born in 2007, where I, as well as over 60 other engineers and scientists, have had a unique opportunity to do a doctor’s degree up to now. I would also like to thank him for acting as an active member in the Thesis Committee that supervised my work. I do not want to forget all the staff of the Institute for Industrial Manufacturing and Management at the University of Stuttgart that have made GSaME possible how it is 4 Acknowledgement today. Thank you Vera Hummel, Lars Aldinger, Andreas Dietrich, Heiko Herrmann, Petra Langbein and Eva-Marie Ill. Specially, I would like to sincerely thank Prof. Rohr for her uninterrupted dedication to the suc- cess of GSaME. I would like to thank some of my current and former collegues for many interesting discussions and for their valuable comments and suggestions. I would specially like to thank Mihály Jakob and Thorsten Scheibler for their effort in the supervision of this Thesis, Peter Reimann forhis tremendous dedication in the correction of my written English, Fabian Kaiser, Tobias Kraft, Nazario Cipriani and Oliver Schiller for all the fun in the coffee breaks, Sylvia Radeschútz, Marko Vhrovnik and Manfred Rasch for the wonderful tabletop soccergames.Iwouldalsoliketothank Stefan Silcher for his cooperation and his effort to always improve the quality of our research. I also want to express my gratitude to Frank Ruthardt and Alexander Braunstein for their dedication and contribution to the results of this Thesis. During my time at GSaME, I have also met extremely smart colleagues and I have made great and wonderful friendships. I would like to thank David Baureis, Markus Hartkopf, Donald Neumann, David Schindhelm for all the fun in our nights out, I will always remember the fun at the Stuttgart Beer Festivals. Thanks to Sema Zor, Michelangelo Masini and Michael Wörner for their support and for all the good moments we lived together at conferences and in the University. Also thanks to Miriam Floristán for the support and good times that we shared in Spanish in the multiple lunch times and coffee breaks. Finally, I would like to thank the closest persons that made it all worth it. First, an honest, sincere and deep Thank you goes to my parents Olga and Serafín, who have unconditionally supported me along the path during school, university, abroad and during my doctoral thesis. Last, but not least, I would like to thank Lena for her support and love. I would like to 5 thank her sincerely for her encouragement and patience in the long hours of work in the weekends and at night. Thank you Lena, without you, I would not be where I stand today. 6 Acknowledgement 7 Contents 1Introduction 31 1.1ProblemDomainandMotivation............. 33 1.1.1 TheReal-TimeFactory.............. 34 1.1.2 Life Cycle Management of ICT Factory Resources 35 1.2Vision,ObjectivesandResearchIssues.......... 36 1.2.1 Vision....................... 37 1.2.2 Objectives..................... 38 1.2.3 ResearchIssues.................. 40 1.3StructureoftheThesis................... 44 2 Foundations and Related Work 47 2.1EnterpriseApplicationIntegration............ 47 2.1.1 TypesofIntegration................ 48 2.1.2 EAIMiddleware.................. 48 2.1.2.1 Synchronous versus Asynchronous . 49 2.1.2.2 Publish-Subscribe............ 49 2.1.2.3 Message Brokers . 49 2.1.2.4 RepositoryServices........... 50 2.2ServiceOrientedArchitecture............... 50 8 Contents 2.2.1 TheSOAPrinciples................ 50 2.2.1.1 Reusability............... 51 2.2.1.2 LooseCoupling............. 51 2.2.1.3 Discoverability............. 52 2.2.2 Find,Bind,Invoke................. 52 2.2.3 WebServices................... 53 2.2.4 WS-BPEL..................... 54 2.2.5 SOAGovernance................. 55 2.2.6 Service Lifecycle Management . 56 2.3EnterpriseServiceBus................... 58 2.3.1 EvolutionfromMOMtoESB........... 59 2.3.2 MediationServices................ 59 2.3.3 Real-timeThroughputofData........... 60 2.3.4 Content-basedRouter............... 60 2.4SemanticWebTechnologies................ 60 2.4.1 ResourceDescriptionFramework......... 61 2.4.2 TheWebOntologyLanguage........... 61 2.4.3 SemanticWebServices.............. 62 2.5CurrentStateofIntegration................ 63 2.5.1 Overview of Production Environments . 63 2.5.2 Context-aware Applications and Integration . 65 2.5.3 Event-drivenSOA................. 66 2.5.4 Adaptive Business Management . 67 2.5.5 AModel-drivenApproach............. 68 2.5.6 ServiceProvenance................ 68 2.5.7 Limitations of Current Research . 69 2.6Summary.......................... 69 3 Principles of Integration for the Real-time Factory 71 3.1LessonsLearned...................... 72 3.2IntegrationScenario:theReal-timeFactory........ 73 Contents 9 3.3 Principles of Integration for Middleware Infrastructures . 77 3.3.1 EaseofReconfiguration.............. 78 3.3.2 LooseCoupling.................. 78 3.3.3 AsynchronousThinking.............. 79 3.3.4 Standards-basedIntegration............ 80 3.4 Principles of Integration for Real-time Factory Applications 81 3.4.1 Well-definedInterfaces.............. 81 3.4.2 Separation of Implementation and Interface . 82 3.4.3 Standards-basedInterfaces............ 82 3.5ServiceOrientationasanIntegrationApproach...... 83 3.6Summary.......................... 84 4 SOA in Manufacturing 86 4.1 Penetration and Current State of SOA in Manufacturing . 86 4.2 Leverage of a Data Integration System in SOA . 88 4.2.1 ChampagneasaService.............. 89 4.2.2 Connection of Champagne to an ESB . 91 4.3SOAIntegrationPrinciplesforPLM............ 92 4.4 SOA Principles applied to Reconfigurable Machines . 94 4.5Event-drivenBPMinETOEnterprises........... 95 4.6Product-ServiceSystems................. 100 4.7Summary.......................... 103 5 The Manufacturing Service Bus 104 5.1Concept.......................... 105 5.1.1 DataSourceLayer................. 108 5.1.2 DataServiceLayer................. 109 5.1.3 IntegrationLayer................. 109 5.1.4 IntegrationServiceLayer............. 110 5.1.5 BusinessProcessLayer.............. 111 5.2 Architecture of the Manufacturing Service Bus . 111 5.2.1 EventCanonicalModel.............. 112 10 Contents 5.2.2 EventandEvent-FlowRegistries......... 115 5.2.3 Content-basedRouter............... 116 5.2.4 MediationServices................ 119 5.2.5 WorkflowEngine................. 120 5.2.6 CoreImplementationoftheMSB......... 121 5.3ServiceManagement.................... 122 5.3.1 Life Cycle Management of Services and EAI Pro- cesses....................... 123 5.3.2 EAI Process Model for the Real-time Factory . 125 5.3.3 EAIProcessEditor................. 130 5.3.4 Provenance-aware Service Repository . 134 5.3.4.1 Semantic Service Provenance . 134 5.3.4.2 Service Provenance Query Language . 136 5.3.4.3 ArchitectureOverview......... 140 5.3.4.4 Implementation............. 146 5.3.5 Real-time Factory Integration Architecture . 149 5.4AgileAdaptationofEAIProcesses............. 151 5.4.1 Requirements for an Agile Adaptation in the Real- timeFactory.................... 152 5.4.1.1 FlexibleIntegration........... 153 5.4.1.2 Capability of Reconfiguration...... 154 5.4.1.3 Knowledge-driven Adaptation . 155 5.4.1.4 Autonomic Computing Mechanisms . 155 5.4.1.5 The MSB as Enabling Platform for Agile Adaptation............... 159 5.4.2 Autonomic Computing in the Real-time Factory . 160 5.4.2.1 Definitions............... 161 5.4.2.2 MAPE Cycle for EAI Processes . 164 5.4.2.3 The Real-time Factory Adaptation Model 166 5.4.2.4 SOA Lifecycle Gap in Manufacturing . 168 5.4.3 Monitoring and Analysis of Factory Data Streams 169 Contents 11 5.4.3.1 NexusDS................ 169 5.4.3.2 Integration of NexusDS into the MSB . 171 5.4.3.3 Mining Graph for Factory Data Streams 174 5.4.3.4 DomainKnowledgeAnalysis...... 178 5.4.4 Architecture for EAI Process Adaptation . 180 5.5Summary.......................... 183 6 Applicability and Evaluation 185 6.1TheLearningFactory:aFieldforEvaluation....... 186 6.2CaseStudies........................ 189 6.2.1 CustomerOrder.................. 189 6.2.2 FailureManagement................ 191 6.2.3 ServiceRevision.................. 192 6.2.4 Adaptation of the Failure Management Process